《俱舍》英译随眠品问题(上)
前几天忙别的事,没有看,这两天又翻翻英译《随眠品》。跳着看的。《随眠品》大概是《俱舍》总体上最难的一品。我粗略看了一半,找出了12条问题。但说实话,能用英文把阿毗达磨讲到这种程度,已经很不容易了。
最近还有朋友拿着南传阿毗达摩来问我,再次声明一下,我不了解南传,我写的这些,是“阿毗达磨”——磨刀石的磨,不是摩托的摩;是和《俱舍论》《顺正理论》《大毗婆沙论》《发智论》相关的说一切有部阿毗达磨。
阿毗达磨的标准是很固定的,所以我才能在英语六级考了三次没过的情况下还能找出英译《俱舍》的错误(第四次考过了,惭愧,好多年前的事儿了)。——我看英译《俱舍》基本上是先知道他想说啥,再去看他说的到底是不是这个东西。但因为我英语不好,有时候会有不确定的地方,比如“All beings will not be born”,我用了谷歌翻译,问了BING和Claude,并请两个AI详细解释这到底是“一切有情皆当不生”还是“并非一切有情当生”,它们都理解为前者,所以我才认为这里的英文翻译至少是有误导性的。
我看英译本里,把“戒禁取”翻译成那么长,就觉得用英文实在没有办法学好阿毗达磨。“遍行随眠”的“遍行”,Pruden翻译成universal,LS放弃了这种翻译,用的是pervasive,但碰到他不太理解的地方(“乐根及彼缘识缘缘识各有几随眠随增”),他也就直接抄了Pruden的作业,“遍行”也不用pervasive,直接用universal了,虽然“一切”是对的,但这里用universal,可不能算你理解成了“一切”。
学习《俱舍》,最大的一个系统的坎儿,恐怕就是“缘缘识有几随眠随增”这个地方,当年我在这卡得难受得不得了,后来某年春节,在老家翻《婆沙》,把这个问题解决了。由此知道,有些地方,不去看《婆沙》是不能理解《俱舍》的。
当然,就细节来说,比“诸根缘缘识有几随眠随增”更难的问题还多得很呢,但这个问题之所以重要,就在于,如果把这个问题搞明白,学习阿毗达磨的底气就彻底建立了。因为它牵涉到方方面面的问题,如果你能理解,就表示你的阿毗达磨知识已经成系统了。所以,这个地方是《俱舍》学习的一道主菜,一道硬菜。
59.
Lodrö Sangpo (5-4, 長行, p. 1664)
because only the insight into of the truths suffices to abandon them.
《阿毘達磨俱舍論》卷19〈5 分別隨眠品〉:「纔見諦時彼則斷故」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1558, p. 99b23)
《阿毘達磨俱舍釋論》卷14〈5 分別惑品〉:「由[3]唯見諦除滅故」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1559, p. 253b21-22)[3] 唯【大】*,惟【宋】【元】【明】【宮】*
LS的譯法和真諦一致,但從阿毘達磨上看,這樣講是不準確的,因為欲界見所斷隨眠也可以在見道之前通過世俗修道斷除。Pruden (p. 773) 的譯法和玄奘一致,是符合阿毘達磨理論的:“because the mere Seeing of the Truths suffices to abandon them. ”
60.
Pruden (5-5a, 長行, p. 774)
When it is possible to abandon the object (dlambana) of an anusaya through the Seeing of a certain Truth, it is said that this anusaya can be abandoned through the Seeing of this Truth
Lodrö Sangpo (5-5a, 長行, p. 1665)
When the cognitive object (alambana} of a proclivity is susceptible of being abandoned by insight [darsanaheya] into a certain truth, one says that this proclivity is susceptible. of being abandoned by insight into this truth.
《阿毘達磨俱舍論》卷19〈5 分別隨眠品〉:「若緣見此、所斷為境名見此所斷,餘名修所斷」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1558, p. 99c1-2)
《阿毘達磨俱舍釋論》卷14〈5 分別惑品〉:「由見諦相彼滅,及能緣彼故,說見諦滅,所餘名修道所滅。」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1559, p. 253b29-c1)
《俱舍論》的「若緣見此所斷為境」是有兩種理解的:「若緣『見此所斷』為境」和「若緣見此、所斷為境」。根據《順正理論》和《光記》,可以推斷,這兩種理解並不是玄奘的翻譯所造成的,而是世親的表達所固有的。尤其是結合真諦的翻譯,更能夠證實這一點。在這兩種理解中,更好的一種理解是:如果一種隨眠緣某諦(「緣見此」「能緣彼」),或者緣見某諦所斷之法(「緣見此所斷」「見諦相彼滅」),則該隨眠稱為「見某諦所斷」。兩個英譯本都沒有傳遞出固有的雙關,而認為見所斷法的所緣都是所斷,就造成了阿毘達磨上的錯誤。玄奘譯本因為包含了「若緣見此為境」的理解,既避開了錯誤,同時保留了雙關。
《俱舍論記》卷19〈5 分別隨眠品〉:「俱舍師救云。正理論師謬解我文。謂唯緣此諦所斷為境,名見此諦所斷。故以他部緣及無漏緣為難。應作是言。若緣見此諦為境、若緣見此諦所斷為境,名見此諦所斷。」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T41, no. 1821, p. 293c25-29)
《阿毘達磨順正理論》卷46:「經主於此自問答言:此中何相見苦所斷?乃至何相是修所斷?若緣見此所斷為境名見此所斷,餘名修所斷。此不應理。所以者何?遍行隨眠緣五部故,則見苦集所斷隨眠亦應通是見集苦等所斷。又見滅道所斷隨眠,緣非所斷法,當言何所斷?故彼非善立所斷相應言。若見緣苦為境名為見苦,即是苦法、苦類智忍此二所斷,總說名為見苦所斷,乃至見道所斷亦然。數習名修,謂見迹者為得上義於苦等智數數熏習說名為修,此道所除名修所斷,是名為善立所斷相。」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1562, p. 601b13-23)
61.
Lodrö Sangpo (5-6ac, 長行, p. 1666)
Those that are related to the summit of cyclic existence (bhavagra), [the ninth stage], are abandoned by insight alone, for the subsequent cognition (anvayajiiana) causes them to be abandoned.
《阿毘達磨俱舍論》卷19〈5 分別隨眠品〉:「唯類智[17]忍方能斷故」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1558, p. 99c13-14)[17] 忍【大】,〔-〕【宋】【元】【明】【宮】
《阿毘達磨俱舍釋論》卷14〈5 分別惑品〉:「此隨眠惑,於有頂生類忍所滅」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1559, p. 253c10-11)
LS本“subsequent cognition”錯了,應是「類智忍」。Pruden本正確。玄奘譯本的《大正藏》本正確,宋等本有傳抄之誤,比較《光記》《順正理論》即知。
62.
Pruden (5-6cd, 長行, p. 775)
In fact, an Aryan abandons them through andsrava jnana meditation, or pure knowledge, whereas a Prthagjana abandons them through a worldly knowledge (lokasamvrtijndna).
Lodrö Sangpo (5-6cd, 長行, p. 1667)
Because the noble ones abandon them by cultivation of pure cognition (aniisrava jfiiina), the ordinary worldlings by cultivation of mundane conventional cognition (lokasarμ,vrtijfiiina).
《阿毘達磨俱舍論》卷19〈5 分別隨眠品〉:「智所害諸隨眠一切地攝,唯修所斷,以諸聖者及諸異生如其所應,皆由數習無漏世俗智所斷故。」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1558, p. 99c16-18)
《阿毘達磨俱舍釋論》卷14〈5 分別惑品〉:「於一切地中惑,凡是智所滅,於二人恒修道所滅」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1559, p. 253c15-16)
英譯本中認為聖者用無漏智斷是錯誤的,聖者也可以用有漏智斷。這即是玄奘譯本中的「如其所應」。另外,玄奘譯本區別了「害」和「斷」,這在阿毘達磨上是非常精確的;真諦譯本沒有這種區別。
63.
Pruden (5-7, 長行, p. 777)
By this, all the views whose object is an impure belief in extremes (antagrdhadrsti), etc., are views of the satkdya, that is, of the five skandhas.
Lodrö Sangpo (5-6cd, 長行, p. 1667)
In fact, all the afflicted views the cognitive object of whi~h is impure (siisrava-iilambana): the afflicted view of holding to an extreme, etc., are afflicted views of the satkiiya, i.e., of the five aggregates. But although being afflicted views of the satkiiya, they are not afflicted views of an "I" and of "mine".
《阿毘達磨俱舍論》卷19〈5 分別隨眠品〉:「諸見但緣有漏法者,皆應標以薩迦耶名。然佛但於我我所執摽此名者,令知此見緣薩迦耶非我我所,以我我所畢竟無故。」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1558, p. 100a7-11)
《阿毘達磨俱舍釋論》卷14〈5 分別惑品〉:「一切見能緣有流法為境,悉緣滅身,而但立我我所見名滅身見者,欲令彼知此見[*]唯於滅於身起,非於我我所。」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1559, p. 254a1-4)[*3-3] 唯【大】*,惟【宋】【元】【明】【宮】*
LS譯本中的3個“afflicted views”,都應該改為“views”。“ the afflicted view of holding to an extreme”不需要修改。「諸見」並不限於「五見」,換句話說,並不一定是染污的。兩英譯本中的“five skandhas”和“five aggregates”,都應該改為「五取蘊」five appropriative aggregates,「取」的含義是不能省略的。
64.
Lodrö Sangpo (5-8, 長行, p. 1670)
[Answer by the Vaibhii~ikas:] -The Malasiistra (Jniinaprasthana, 1029a12) says:
不應補充[Answer by the Vaibhii~ikas:],實際上,以下《本論》的內容是世親引的。他引這些文本來表示文本和前面所述的道理存在矛盾。
65.
Pruden (5-7, 長行, p. 780)
If the Vaibhasikas answer, "The esteeming of morality and ascetic practices relative to the dharma which is abandoned through Seeing the Path, namely relative to one of the eight anusayas the first of which is wrong views," we would then answer that this esteeming of morality and ascetic practices also supposes error relative to suffering.
Moreover we do not see how the esteeming of morality and ascetic practices could be relative to a dharma to be abandoned through the Truth of the Path:
Lodrö Sangpo (5-8, 長行, p. 1671)
[Question:] - Further, what is the overesteeming of (such things as) morality and certain types of spiritual practices that is abandoned by insight into the truth of the path?
Possible answer by the Vaibha~ika: - The overesteeming of (such things as) morality and certain types of spiritual practices in relation to a factor to be abandoned by insight into the path, i.e., in relation to one of the eight [of the ten] procliviti!!S, above all to false view (mithyiidmi).
Reply: - This overesteeming of (such things as) morality and certain types of spiri- tual practices also presupposes an error about unsatisfactoriness.
Moreover, we do not see how the overesteeming of (such things as) morality and certain types of spiritual practices could exist in relation to a factor to be abandoned by the truth of the path: …these non-Buddhists (tfrthika) imag- ine that they can obtain purification through the path "of the Saipkhyas" and not through the false view (mithyiidr~ti) in relation to the path?
《阿毘達磨俱舍論》卷19〈5 分別隨眠品〉:「復有何相別戒禁取,可說彼為見道所斷?諸緣見道所斷法生,彼亦應名迷苦諦故。」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1558, p. 100b12-14)
《阿毘達磨俱舍釋論》卷14〈5 分別惑品〉:「復有何相別戒執取見道所滅?緣見道所滅法為境,此於苦亦乖違。」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1559, p. 254b4-5)
兩英譯本都沒有搞清楚上下文的邏輯。「復有何相別戒禁取,可說彼為見道所斷?諸緣見道所斷法生,彼亦應名迷苦諦故。」——這句話完全是世親說的。「諸緣見道所斷法生」不宜看作「毘婆沙師可能的回答」;毘婆沙師也不是這種主張。另外,世親要問的是:有什麼特點作為理由,把見道所斷的戒禁取從見苦所斷的戒禁取中區別開來?Pruden譯本中的“we would ask ”勉強能表達出世親問的是有什麼理由。而LS的譯本,會讓讀者誤以為,世親問的是“見道所斷的戒禁取是什麼”。“ could be relative to a dharma”和“could exist in relation to a factor”的「一法」是錯誤的,世親只反駁了「見道所斷戒禁取見能緣見道所斷邪見或疑」,並不是反駁「見道所斷戒禁取見緣能見道所斷任意一法」。LS把「是則執餘能得清淨,非邪見等」的陳述語氣翻譯成了疑問語氣,也是不正確的。
《阿毘達磨順正理論》卷47:「然於非道計為道中,若違見道強則見道所斷。豈不如計自在等為因,執苦為因唯許見苦斷非見集斷,如是亦應於非道計道執苦為道,唯許見苦斷非見道斷。此難不然,以於苦諦見為無常等非彼對治故。謂若有執自在等為因,必先計為無始無終等故。此因執唯見苦斷,以無常等想治常等想故,非見苦諦、無常等時能治非道計為道執,故彼道執非見苦斷。」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1562, p. 606b16-24)
66.
Pruden (5-13cd, 長行, p. 791)
Future coexistents of universal anusayas are neither universal anusayas nor universal causes.
Lodrö Sangpo (5-13cd, 長行, p. 1683)
The coexisting [factors] of the pervasive proclivities of the future are neither a pervasive proclivity nor a pervasive cause.
《阿毘達磨俱舍論》卷19〈5 分別隨眠品〉:「第三第四如理應辯。」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1558, p. 102a8-9)
《阿毘達磨俱舍釋論》卷14〈5 分別惑品〉:「第三第四,應自思立。」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1559, p. 255c17)
第四句應該用「除前相」來表示,兩英譯本沒有把第四句說全,比如色。
67.
Pruden (5-22, 長行, p. 801)
Another says that the second question, like the first question, calls for a categorical response, "All beings do not arise."
Lodrö Sangpo (5-22, 長行, p. 1692)
Others--the Bhadanta Rama-say that the second question, like the first, demands a categorical answer: "All beings will not be born."
《阿毘達磨俱舍論》卷19〈5 分別隨眠品〉:「彼第二問,亦應一向記,非一切當生。」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1558, p. 103b9-10)
《阿毘達磨俱舍釋論》卷14〈5 分別惑品〉:「此義亦一向應記,謂非一切應生。」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1559, p. 257a1)
英譯本的表述有歧義,容易讓讀者誤解為「一切不生」。
68.
Pruden (5-31c-d, 長行, p. 824)
When they belong to Rupadhatu, all the universal anusayas attach themselves to it.
Lodrö Sangpo (5-31c-d, 長行, p. 1715)
When it belongs to the realm of desire, the proclivities to be abandoned by cultivation and all the universal proclivities become attached to it.
When it belongs to the realm of fine-materiality, all the universal proclivities become attached to it.
《阿毘達磨俱舍論》卷20:「色界一切隨眠隨增」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1558, p. 106c26-27)
《阿毘達磨俱舍釋論》卷15:「於色界五部」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1559, p. 260b14)
應該是「色界一切」或者「色界五部」,兩英譯本誤作「色界遍行」。Pruden本用“the universal anusayas”表示「遍行隨眠」;LS本一向用“pervasive proclivities”來表示「遍行隨眠」,但這裡,LS沒有理解,也用了universal proclivities。由於LS在提到欲界時用the universal proclivities表示「遍行隨眠」,我們沒有理由認為他在提到色界時用the universal proclivities表示「一切隨眠」。
69.
Pruden (5-31c-d, 長行, p. 824)
3.two categories of anusayas of the sphere of Arupyadhatu; and 4. the universal anusaya
Lodrö Sangpo (5-31c-d, 長行, p. 1715)
3. two categories of proclivities of the sphere of the immateriality;
4. the universal proclivities (MVS, 452c20).
《阿毘達磨俱舍釋論》卷15:「無色界二部并遍行諸惑於中隨眠生」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1559, p. 260b19)
《阿毘達磨俱舍論》卷20:「無色界二部及諸遍行隨眠隨增」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1558, p. 107a2-3)
英譯本的3、4兩類應並為一類,「遍行」指的是「無色界遍行」。
70.
Pruden (5-32ab, 長行, p. 826)
The non-defiled mind is sanusaya from the fact of the anusayas which lodge therein: the non-abandoned anusayas which are associated with the mind.
Lodrö Sangpo (5-31c-d, 長行, p. 1717)
2. Non-defiled [akli,vta] thought is "with proclivities" [solely (eva)] due to the proclivities which adhere or grow therein (anusayana, anusiiyaka): the non-abandoned, associated-with-thought proclivities [which take it as their cognitive ob- ject].
《阿毘達磨俱舍論》卷20:「若無染者,唯局隨增。緣此隨眠必未永斷,此唯據隨增名有隨眠故。」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1558, p. 107a17-18)
《阿毘達磨俱舍釋論》卷15:「若無染污心,但由能隨眠惑及能緣彼為境惑不滅為縛。」(CBETA 2023.Q1, T29, no. 1559, p. 260c5-6)
「無染局隨增」說的是不與隨眠相應的心,兩英譯本都誤解成了隨眠相應心。LS補充的內容是正確的,但“associated-with-thought proclivities”就不合適了。