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客座编辑：Folashade B. Agusto, Adriana Calderaro & Kinley Wangdi

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by certain parasites of the Plasmodium genus. It is endemic across many of the tropical and subtropical regions in the world where its vectors, Anopheles mosquitoes, are able to thrive. Malaria has high mortality rates in young children and infants, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, making it one of the leading causes of child mortality worldwide. Current strategies to combat malaria include chemopreventive therapies, development of Plasmodium vaccines and the implementation of physical preventative measures. In addition, gene drives to control vector populations have also been raised as a potential method to eliminate malaria. However, resistance to existing therapies is becoming more widespread, and deployment of effective vaccines is still limited. Furthermore, whilst gene drives offer a potentially exciting solution, they also raise ethical concerns and their real-world efficacy is yet to be fully determined. 

客座编辑：Gavin Arno, Gulnaz Javan & Mostafa Rahnama

Sequencing of nucleic acids has witnessed massive development recently. With the advent of massively parallel sequencing, vast quantities of short read sequence data has become available and has provided invaluable insight in a vast range of biological disciplines. However, technologies conferring the ability to accurately sequence long fragments of DNA, including Pacific Biosciences’ Single Molecule Real-Time (SMRT) and Oxford Nanopore’s flow cell sequencing methods, has recently attracted a wide interest for the ability to rapidly assemble genomes, quantify full length transcript isoforms, and directly identify epigenetic modifications. Recent advances have dramatically reduced the cost per base whilst also decreasing the sequence call error rate, allowing their application in a broad range of scientific fields. 

客座编辑：Sarit Aviel-Ronen, João Sabino Cunha Filho & CheMyong Jay Ko

Ovarian cysts are extremely common. Follicular and corpus luteum cysts – known as functional cysts – typically occur at least once per menstrual cycle and disappear in two or three months. Other types of ovarian cysts, unrelated to the menstrual cycle, are rarer and can lead to complications. These include dermoid cysts, cystadenomas, and endometriomas. Cysts can also rupture, causing severe pain and bleeding. Several risk factors are known to trigger ovarian cysts, including hormonal imbalances, pregnancy, and endometriosis.

This Collection welcomes original research on all aspects of ovarian cysts, including their incidence, etiology, and complications.

客座编辑：Jun Deng, Fangxin Fang, David A. Hormuth, Jiewu Leng & Ang Liu

Digital Twins constitute virtual representations of real-world objects, processes, and systems, created using computational models. In the modern day of man-machine interfaces and human-AI collaboration, Digital Twins constitute a crucial piece of developing technology, as they provide ways of interacting with, understanding, and manipulating real-world objects in a completely virtual space. The common theme across all Digital Twins tech is providing the ultimate optimisation of real-world objects and processes deployment, leading to improved efficiency, reduced costs, and enhanced decision-making. The applications of Digital Twins are continually expanding, and industries keep on turning up with new ways to benefit from their capabilities, making the research on this technology particularly enticing. 

客座编辑：Chi Zhang & Yuxiao Zhou

Metabolic bone disease is a term that describes a range of conditions characterised by alterations in bone turnover, mass, and mineral homeostasis. Common examples include osteoporosis and Paget’s disease. These conditions are increasing in incidence with population ageing and present a significant healthcare burden. Bone health is also an important determinant of overall health and quality of life. Therefore, it is of interest to improve our understanding of the factors that influence bone and skeletal disease development and progression.

This Collection aims to bring together research that focusses on novel prognostic and diagnostic markers of bone diseases, which improves our understanding of the underlying causes of these conditions, and presents beneficial strategies for disease prevention, treatment, and management.

客座编辑：Keerthi Nawarathna, Shiv Govind Singh & Shue Wang

Microfluidics are minaturized devices that enable the precise control and manipulation of small fluid volumes, on the scale of micro to picoliters, through flow or by confinement to engineered channels.

There is an increasing range of applications for these devices, including in lab or organ on a chip platforms, for synthesis of nanoparticles, and in high-throughput chemical analyses. New applications for microfluidics have been made possible by advances in materials science, allowing for an expanded range of mediums for their manufacture, from traditional silicon and glass to hydrogels, paper, and polymers. Improvements in precision technologies for moulding or patterning the fluid tunnels and chambers have also led to greater possibilities for channel surface customisation to meet the requirements of cell culture, and the growing need for automation and real-time monitoring has resulted in the integration of sensors and other functional components. Innovation across numerous scientific, medical and industrial fields is likely to be possible through expansion of the potential of microfluidic devices.

客座编辑：Rosanne M. Guijt & Mohammad A. Qasaimeh

Microfluidics is a powerful technique for modulating the fluidic behavior of bioparticles in microscale channels and has opened up new avenues for biomedical research and clinical diagnosis. Microfluidics provides numerous advantages over conventional techniques, including requiring only a tiny volume of sample, predictable transport of molecules, and parallel flow enabling high-throughput analysis. Microfluidics is applied in a diverse range of biomedical research activities, such as single-cell analysis, high-throughput microflow cytometry, organ-on-a-chip, and biosensing. Despite being broadly adopted in laboratories for proof-of-concept studies, the deployment of microfluidic technologies in the biomedical industry still has a long way to go. This requires long-term efforts to bridge the gap between technological developments and the needs of end-users. To push forward the transfer of microfluidic technologies to industries, we are launching this themed Collection to encourage researchers to share their latest work that advances microfluidic device design, fabrication, and characterization, as well as studies that demonstrate new applications of microfluidics in biomedical research.

客座编辑：Aavudai Anandhi & Ram L Ray

Agricultural food production is highly dependent on freshwater availability and is currently threatened by climate change and increasing contamination of water reservoirs. In order to meet the needs of a growing population, modern farmers are faced with the challenge of having to increase yield while minimizing water consumption. While the generation and inclusion of drought-resistant crops in current breeding programs has offered promising results, its potential is limited by conventional agricultural methods that are still associated to significant water losses through evaporation, run-off or percolation. Innovative strategies to increase water use efficiency at a larger scale, namely farm and landscape levels, are therefore essential to complement current breeding programs and ensure global food security, while preserving the remaining freshwater resources. 

客座编辑：Christopher M. Heckscher & Charles B. Yackulic

Viruses are the most diverse and abundant biological entities: they are widely known, fast-evolving, and have adapted to be able to infect all life forms. Despite this, their origin and evolutionary history remain unclear. Recent developments in microscopy and genetics have enabled researchers to discover more about the diversity of viral genomes, structures, mechanisms, and their broader role in various ecosystems.

The goal of this Collection is to gather original research including, but not limited to, viral origin and evolutionary history, classification, genetics, morphology, ecology, host interactions, replication cycles, as well as transmission and infection strategies. We will also consider studies with a clinical or epidemiological aspect that also contribute to our understanding of virus evolution and diversity.

Scientific Reports 《科学报告》

An open access journal publishing original research from across all areas of the natural sciences, psychology, medicine and engineering.

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