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lancet子刊:新型溶瘤病毒治疗儿童胶质瘤,临床试验结果公布!

撰稿 | 刘楚楚   责编 | 周叶斌
高级别胶质瘤(WHO 3级和4级)是主要发生在儿童和青年成人中的一种脑肿瘤。标准治疗,如手术切除(或活检,视部位而定)、放疗和化疗,很少能够治愈儿童高级别胶质瘤,复发时中位总生存期为5.6个月。
Lerapolturev是一种重组脊髓灰质炎-鼻病毒嵌合体,因此能够识别广泛表达在实体瘤细胞和肿瘤微环境中的脊髓灰质炎病毒受体CD155、激活固有抗病毒干扰素应答,以鼻病毒的内部核糖体进入位点替代脊髓灰质炎病毒减毒活疫苗(Sabin)的同源内部核糖体进入位点降低了溶瘤病毒的神经毒力。此前在成人中的1期临床试验显示lerapolturev有足够的安全性、比历史对照组更高的24月及36月后生存率。
近日,由Matthias Gromeier、Darell D Bigner 和 David M Ashley 团队发表于 The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health,题为 Recombinant polio-rhinovirus immunotherapy for recurrent paediatric high-grade glioma: a phase 1b trial 的文章,展示了脊髓灰质炎病毒免疫疗法在儿童和青年成人中治疗复发性胶质母细胞瘤的首次临床试验结果,这项1b期试验中没有出现lerapolturev相关的4级不良事件或死亡,支持进行进一步的临床试验。

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2017年12月至2021年5月,8名9岁至19岁的复发性儿童高级别胶质瘤患者接受了lerapolturev治疗。复发性脑肿瘤患者的免疫力因为肿瘤本身和化疗而严重受损,所以患者们在lerapolturev输注前一周内接种了一剂三价灭活脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗(Salk IPOL vaccine)。经过神经病理学家复核病理结果和治疗时的活检冷冻切片,确认入组的11名患者中8名在lerapolturev输注前存在活动性疾病,符合试验要求。
通过对流增强给药导管,lerapolturev可以克服血脑屏障施加的阻碍和避免全身毒性。置入导管后一天,以3mL输注液中5×10^7中位组织培养感染剂量的lerapolturev,每小时泵入0.5mL输注液。该剂量此前在18岁及以上成人的研究中最为有效且毒性可以接受。导管在输注结束后被移除。取决于患者的临床状态或磁共振结果,神经肿瘤科医生酌情使用了低剂量贝伐珠单抗,控制免疫炎症和避免类固醇的免疫抑制作用。
试验的主要终点是lerapoturev治疗后14天内出现不可接受毒性反应的患者比例。次要终点是lerapolturev治疗后2年存活的患者比例。探索性目标是描述由于肿瘤内接种lerapolturev而在成像和肿瘤体积上可视化的变化,评估外周血和血清中的免疫反应,并描述用lerapolturev治疗的肿瘤的分子特征。
试验收集了从放置导管至移除导管后30天内的不良事件,并根据CTCAE4.0版分类和评级。试验对不可接受的毒性反应的定义如下:
  • 任何持续超过2周的不良事件通用术语标准4.0版(Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, CTCAE, version 4.0)定义的3级或4级毒性、
  • 任何与研究药物相关的危及生命的事件或死亡、
  • 任何输注后2周内出现的2级或更严重的自身免疫毒性反应,特别是影响重要器官(如心脏、肾脏、大脑或脊柱)的毒性反应、
  • 置入导管导致的3级或更严重的手术并发症。

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患者入组流程图(PVSRIPO即lerapolturev)
试验中共出现了103次不良事件,其中19次1级不良事件、4次2级不良事件、3次3级不良事件可能或确定与试验治疗相关。试验治疗后14天内没有出现3级或4级毒性、危及生命的事件或死亡,这表明5×10^7中位组织培养感染剂量的lerapolturev在8名儿童中足够安全。没有患者出现与lerapolturev相关的4级或5级不良事件,3次3级不良事件分别是2次头痛和1次癫痫发作。3例死亡发生在治疗后30天内,归因于疾病进展。

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与试验治疗可能相关的不良事件
该试验的8名患者在接受lerapolturev治疗后的中位生存时间为4.1个月(95%CI, 1.2 to 10.1),其中1名患者在超过22个月后仍然存活。最佳影像学反应显示3名患者分别在治疗后49天、32天、166天病情稳定,5名患者在治疗后病情仍然进展。

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总生存期的Kaplan-Meier曲线
尽管1期试验并不是为了对治疗效果下结论,该试验的结果为未来的研究提示了一些方向。
8名患者在入组前接受了大量治疗,复发性脑肿瘤和化疗均有可能导致免疫力下降,继而减弱对lerapolturev的反应,因此正有考虑将免疫疗法移至肿瘤治疗的早期。
虽然为患者接种IPOL加强针是出于安全性的考虑,但是血清免疫分析显示加强针提高了血清单核细胞、T细胞炎症表型、NK细胞和CD4+细胞总数,所以加强针可能导致了与lerapolturev治疗无关的免疫原性反应。Lerapolturev治疗后也出现了单细胞HLA-DR和脊髓灰质炎中和抗体的持续升高。有可用治疗前和治疗后肿瘤组织的两名患者中,有一名肿瘤浸润CD8+ T细胞增加(患者1009),然而样本有限,无法确定是加强针还是lerapolturev导致了这样的改变。
值得注意的是,患者1009也是生存时间最长的患者,所患的肿瘤是IDH1突变的复发性3级胶质瘤,且肿瘤相对较小、复发位置靠近先前切除的部位,以及lerapolturev后的多次治疗,提示了可能有利于长期生存的特征。
患者1010曾接受靶向巨细胞病毒抗原pp65的自体树突状细胞疫苗治疗,在最后一次接种疫苗后3个月后入组lerapolturev试验,治疗后生存时间为10.3个月。两种免疫疗法之间的时间间隔很长,有可能但又不太可能从树突状细胞免疫疗法的预处理效应中获益。人类和小鼠胶质瘤模型中,使用标准疫苗进行局部预处理促进了局部树突状细胞迁移和淋巴结归巢。

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患者编号、年龄、性别、肿瘤分子特征及治疗后生存时间
综上所述,对流增强给药的lerapolturev治疗儿童复发性高级别胶质瘤达到了预设的临床终点,5×10^7中位组织培养感染剂量足够安全,试验结果支持进行进一步的临床试验。现有和进行中的临床前和临床研究显示,给在婴儿时期接种过标准儿科疫苗方案的儿童接种IPOL加强针可能提高肿瘤内lerapolturev的治疗效果或者导致不确定的(agnostically)全身免疫刺激。该研究的局限性在于样本量小、入组前治疗的异质性、诊断后的时间为10.6个月到59.13个月不等。
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儿童脑肿瘤免疫治疗综述
*本文由深圳市拾玉儿童公益基金会“儿童肿瘤前沿”团队编译或约稿,文中图表均源引自文献原文。本文著作权归文章作者所有,欢迎个人转发分享,未经允许禁止转载,作者拥有所有法定权利,违者必究。如需转载,请留言或联系[email protected]。本文旨在分享儿童肿瘤科研前沿成果,不是治疗方案推荐。如需获得疾病治疗方案指导,请前往正规医院就诊。
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原文摘要(Abstract)

Background: Outcomes of recurrent paediatric high-grade glioma are poor, with a median overall survival of less than 6 months. Viral immunotherapy, such as the polio-rhinovirus chimera lerapolturev, is a novel approach for treatment of recurrent paediatric high-grade glioma and has shown promise in adults with recurrent glioblastoma. The poliovirus receptor CD155 is ubiquitously expressed in malignant paediatric brain tumours and is a treatment target in paediatric high-grade glioma. We aimed to assess the safety of lerapolturev when administered as a single dose intracerebrally by convection enhanced delivery in children and young people with recurrent WHO grade 3 or grade 4 glioma, and to assess overall survival in these patients.
Methods: This phase 1b trial was done at the Duke University Medical Center (Durham, NC, USA). Patients aged 4-21 years with recurrent high-grade malignant glioma (anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma, anaplastic oligoastrocytoma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, or anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma) or anaplastic ependymoma, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumour, or medulloblastoma with infusible disease were eligible for this study. A catheter was tunnelled beneath the scalp for a distance of at least 5 cm to aid in prevention of infection. The next day, lerapolturev at a dose of 5 × 107 median tissue culture infectious dose in 3 mL infusate loaded in a syringe was administered via a pump at a rate of 0·5 mL per h as a one-time dose. The infusion time was approximately 6·5 h to compensate for volume of the tubing. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with unacceptable toxic effects during the 14-day period after lerapolturev treatment. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03043391.
Findings: Between Dec 5, 2017, and May 12, 2021, 12 patients (11 unique patients) were enrolled in the trial. Eight patients were treated with lerapolturev. The median patient age was 16·5 years (IQR 11·0-18·0), five (63%) of eight patients were male and three (38%) were female, and six (75%) of eight patients were White and two (25%) were Black or African American. The median number of previous chemotherapeutic regimens was 3·50 (IQR 1·25-5·00). Six of eight patients had 26 treatment-related adverse events attributable to lerapolturev. There were no irreversible (ie, persisted longer than 2 weeks) treatment-related grade 4 adverse events or deaths. Treatment-related grade 3 adverse events included headaches in two patients and seizure in one patient. Four patients received low-dose bevacizumab on-study for treatment-related peritumoural inflammation or oedema, diagnosed by both clinical symptoms plus fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI. The median overall survival was 4·1 months (95% CI 1·2-10·1). One patient remains alive after 22 months.
Interpretation: Convection enhanced delivery of lerapolturev is safe enough in the treatment of recurrent paediatric high-grade glioma to proceed to the next phase of trial.
Funding: Solving Kids Cancer, B+ Foundation, Musella Foundation, and National Institutes of Health.
DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(23)00031-7
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