量子相变简介
加星标,才能不错过每日推送!方法见文末动图
本文简要介绍经典相变与量子相变的不同之处,以及量子相变的特点,并举例几种典型的量子相变及相关模型应用,如拓扑费米子凝聚和超流-绝缘体相变;其中量子Rabi模型近年来在量子信息、量子光学等领域起到重要作用。
参考文献
[1] Fink J M, Dombi A, Vukics A, et al. Observation of the photon-blockade breakdown phase transition. Physical Review X, 2017, 7(1): 011012. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.7.011012.
[2] Sun Z H, Cai J Q, Tang Q C, et al. Out-of-time-order correlators and quantum phase transitions in the Rabi and Dicke models. Annalen der Physik, 2020, 532(4): 1900270. DOI:10.1002/andp.201900270.
[3] Casteels W, Fazio R, Ciuti C. Critical dynamical properties of a first-order dissipative phase transition. Physical Review A, 2017, 95(1): 012128. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.95.012128.
[4] Zhu H J, Xu K, Zhang G F, et al. Finite-component multicriticality at the superradiant quantum phase transition. Physical Review Letters, 2020, 125(5): 050402. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.050402.
[5] Garbe L, Bina M, Keller A, et al. Critical quantum metrology with a finite-component quantum phase transition. Physical Review Letters, 2020, 124(12): 120504. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.120504.
[6] Puebla R, Smirne A, Huelga S F, et al. Universal Anti-Kibble-Zurek scaling in fully connected systems. Physical Review Letters, 2020, 124(23): 230602. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.230602.
[7] Chen X Y, Zhang Y Y, Fu L, et al. Generalized coherent-squeezed-state expansion for the super-radiant phase transition. Physical Review A, 2020, 101(3): 033827. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevA.101.033827.
[8] Zhang Y, Mao B B, Xu D, et al. Quantum phase transitions and critical behaviors in the two-mode three-level quantum Rabi model. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, 2020, 53(31): 315302. DOI: 10.1088/1751-8121/ab92be.
[9] Forn-Díaz P, Lamata L, Rico E, et al. Ultrastrong coupling regimes of light-matter interaction. Reviews of Modern Physics, 2019, 91(2): 025005. DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.91.025005.
[10] Zhu C J, Ping L L, Yang Y P, et al. Squeezed light induced symmetry breaking superradiant phase transition. Physical Review Letters, 2020, 124(7): 073602. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.073602.
[11] Wang Y Z, He S, Duan L, et al. Quantum tricritical point emerging in the spin-boson model with two dissipative spins in staggered biases. Physical Review B, 2021, 103(20):205106. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.103.205106.
[12] Leppäkangas J, Braumüller J, Hauck M, et al. Quantum simulation of the spin-boson model with a microwave circuit. Physical Review A, 2018, 97(5): 052321. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.97.052321.
[13] Abdi M. Dynamical quantum phase transition in Bose-Einstein condensates. Physical Review B, 2019, 100(18): 184310. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.100.184310.
[14] Garbe L, Egusquiza I L, Solano E, et al. Superradiant phase transition in the ultrastrongcoupling regime of the two-photon Dicke model. Physical Review A, 2017, 95(5):053854. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.95.053854.
[15] Emary C, Brandes T. Quantum chaos triggered by precursors of a quantum phase transition: The Dicke model. Physical Review Letters, 2003, 90(4): 044101. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.044101.
[16] Hwang M J, Puebla R, Plenio M B. Quantum phase transition and universal dynamics in the Rabi model. Physical Review Letters, 2015, 115(18): 180404. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.180404.
[17] Xie Q, Zhong H, Batchelor M T, et al. The quantum Rabi model: Solution and dynamics. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, 2017, 50(11): 113001. DOI:10.1088/1751-8121/aa5a65.
[18] Cai M L, Liu Z D, Zhao W D, et al. Observation of a quantum phase transition in the quantum Rabi model with a single trapped ion. Nature Communications, 2021, 12(1): 1-8. DOI:10.1038/s41467-021-21425-8.
[19] Rabi I I. On the process of space quantization. Physical Review, 1936, 49(4): 324-328. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev.49.324.
[20] Rabi I I. Space quantization in a gyrating magnetic field. Physical Review, 1937, 51 (8): 652-654. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev.51.652.
[21] Bloch F, Siegert A. Magnetic resonance for nonrotating fields. Physical Review, 1940, 57(6): 522-527. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev.57.522.
[22] Tuorila J, Silveri M, Sillanpää M, et al. Stark effect and generalized Bloch-Siegert shift in a strongly driven two-level system. Physical Review Letters, 2010, 105(25): 257003. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.257003.
[23] Jaynes E, Cummings F. Comparison of quantum and semiclassical radiation theories with application to the beam maser. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1963, 51(1): 89-109. DOI:10.1109/PROC.1963.1664.
[24] Thompson R J, Rempe G, Kimble H J. Observation of normal-mode splitting for an atom in an optical cavity. Physical Review Letters, 1992, 68(8): 1132-1135. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.1132.
[25] Brune M, Schmidt-Kaler F, Maali A, et al. Quantum Rabi oscillation: A direct test of field quantization in a cavity. Physical Review Letters, 1996, 76(11): 1800-1803. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.1800.
[26] Niemczyk T, Deppe F, Huebl H, et al. Circuit quantum electrodynamics in the ultrastrong coupling regime. Nature Physics, 2010, 6(10): 772-776. DOI: 10.1038/nphys1730.
[27] Fink J M, Göppl M, Baur M, et al. Climbing the Jaynes–Cummings ladder and observing its nonlinearity in a cavity QED system. Nature, 2008, 454(7202): 315-318. DOI:10.1038/nature07112.
[28] Bourassa J, Gambetta J M, Abdumalikov A A, et al. Ultrastrong coupling regime of cavity QED with phase-biased flux qubits. Physical Review A, 2009, 80(3): 032109. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevA.80.032109.
[29] Abdumalikov A A, Astafiev O, Nakamura Y, et al. Vacuum Rabi splitting due to strong coupling of a flux qubit and a coplanar-waveguide resonator. Physical Review B, 2008, 78(18): 180502. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.78.180502.
[30] Johansson J, Saito S, Meno T, et al. Vacuum Rabi oscillations in a macroscopic superconducting qubit LC oscillator system. Physical Review Letters, 2006, 96(12): 127006. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.127006.
[31] Forn-Díaz P, Lisenfeld J, Marcos D, et al. Observation of the Bloch-Siegert shift in a qubit-oscillator system in the ultrastrong coupling regime. Physical Review Letters, 2010, 105(23): 237001. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.237001.
[32] Fedorov A, Feofanov A K, Macha P, et al. Strong coupling of a quantum oscillator to a flux qubit at its symmetry point. Physical Review Letters, 2010, 105(6): 060503. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.060503.
[33] Pirkkalainen J M, Cho S U, Li J, et al. Hybrid circuit cavity quantum electrodynamics with a micromechanical resonator. Nature, 2013, 494(7436): 211-215. DOI: 10.1038/nature11821.
[34] O’Connell A D, Hofheinz M, Ansmann M, et al. Quantum ground state and single-phonon control of a mechanical resonator. Nature, 2010, 464(7289): 697-703. DOI: 10.1038/nature08967.
[35] LaHaye M D, Suh J, Echternach P M, et al. Nanomechanical measurements of a superconducting qubit. Nature, 2009, 459(7249): 960-964. DOI: 10.1038/nature08093.
[36] Crespi A, Longhi S, Osellame R. Photonic realization of the quantum Rabi model. Physical Review Letters, 2012, 108(16): 163601. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.163601.
[37] Yoshihara F, Fuse T, Ashhab S, et al. Superconducting qubit–oscillator circuit beyond the ultrastrong-coupling regime. Nature Physics, 2017, 13(1): 44-47. DOI: 10.1038/nphys3906.
[38] Forn-Díaz P, García-Ripoll J J, Peropadre B, et al. Ultrastrong coupling of a single artificial atom to an electromagnetic continuum in the nonperturbative regime. Nature Physics, 2017, 13(1): 39-43. DOI: 10.1038/nphys3905.
[39] Feranchuk I D, Komarov L I, Ulyanenkov A P. Two-level system in a one-mode quantum field: Numerical solution on the basis of the operator method. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, 1996, 29(14): 4035. DOI: 10.1088/0305-4470/29/14/026.
[40] Irish E K. Generalized rotating-wave approximation for arbitrarily large coupling. Physical Review Letters, 2007, 99(17): 173601. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.173601.
[41] Albert V V, Scholes G D, Brumer P. Symmetric rotating-wave approximation for the generalized single-mode spin-boson system. Physical Review A, 2011, 84(4): 042110. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.84.042110.
[42] Yu L, Zhu S, Liang Q, et al. Analytical solutions for the Rabi model. Physical Review A, 2012, 86(1): 015803. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.86.015803.
[43] Zhang Y Y, Chen Q H, Zhao Y. Generalized rotating-wave approximation to biased qubit-oscillator systems. Physical Review A, 2013, 87(3): 033827. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.87.033827.
[44] Zhang Y Y, Chen Q H. Generalized rotating-wave approximation for the two-qubit quantum Rabi model. Physical Review A, 2015, 91(1): 013814. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.91.013814.
[45] Zhang Y Y, Chen X Y, He S, et al. Analytical solutions and genuine multipartite entanglement of the three-qubit Dicke model. Physical Review A, 2016, 94(1): 012317. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevA.94.012317.
[46] Casanova J, Romero G, Lizuain I, et al. Deep strong coupling regime of the Jaynes-Cummings model. Physical Review Letters, 2010, 105(26): 263603. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.263603.
[47] Wolf F A, Kollar M, Braak D. Exact real-time dynamics of the quantum Rabi model. Physical Review A, 2012, 85(5): 053817. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.85.053817.
[48] Wolf F A, Vallone F, Romero G, et al. Dynamical correlation functions and the quantum Rabi model. Physical Review A, 2013, 87(2): 023835. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.87.023835.
[49] Zhang Y Y, Chen Q H, Zhu S Y. Vacuum Rabi splitting and dynamics of the Jaynes-Cummings model for arbitrary coupling. Chinese Physics Letters, 2013, 30(11):114203. DOI: 10.1088/0256-307X/30/11/114203.
[50] He S, Zhao Y, Chen Q H. Absence of collapse in quantum Rabi oscillations. Physical Review A, 2014, 90(5): 053848. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.90.053848.
[51] Garziano L, Stassi R, Macrì V, et al. Multiphoton quantum Rabi oscillations in ultrastrong cavity QED. Physical Review A, 2015, 92(6): 063830. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.92.063830.
[52] Garziano L, Macrì V, Stassi R, et al. One photon can simultaneously excite two or more atoms. Physical Review Letters, 2016, 117(4): 043601. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.043601.
[53] Braak D. Integrability of the Rabi model. Physical Review Letters, 2011, 107(10):
100401. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.100401.
[54] Braak D. A generalized G-function for the quantum Rabi model. Annalen der Physik, 2013, 525(3): L23-L28. DOI: 10.1002/andp.201200270.
[55] Chen Q H, Wang C, He S, et al. Exact solvability of the quantum Rabi model using Bogoliubov operators. Physical Review A, 2012, 86(2): 023822. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.86.023822.
[56] Zhong H, Xie Q, Batchelor M T, et al. Analytical eigenstates for the quantum Rabi model. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, 2013, 46(41): 415302. DOI:10.1088/1751-8113/46/41/415302.
[57] Maciejewski A J, Przybylska M, Stachowiak T. Full spectrum of the Rabi model.
Physics Letters A, 2014, 378(1): 16-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.physleta.2013.10.032.
[58] Judd B R. Exact solutions to a class of Jahn-Teller systems. Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, 1979, 12(9): 1685. DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/12/9/010.
[59] Blais A, Huang R S, Wallraff A, et al. Cavity quantum electrodynamics for superconducting electrical circuits: An architecture for quantum computation. Physical Review A, 2004, 69(6): 062320. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.69.062320.
[60] Wallraff A, Schuster D I, Blais A, et al. Strong coupling of a single photon to a superconducting qubit using circuit quantum electrodynamics. Nature, 2004, 431(7005): 162-167. DOI: 10.1038/nature02851.
[61] Chen Z, Wang Y, Li T, et al. Single-photon-driven high-order sideband transitions in an ultrastrongly coupled circuit-quantum-electrodynamics system. Physical Review A, 2017, 96(1): 012325. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.96.012325.
[62] Irish E K. Erratum: Generalized rotating-wave approximation for arbitrarily large coupling. Physical Review Letters, 2007, 99(25): 259901. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.259901.
[63] Xie Q T, Cui S, Cao J P, et al. Anisotropic Rabi model. Physical Review X, 2014, 4 (2): 021046. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.4.021046.
[64] Ying Z J, Liu M, Luo H G, et al. Ground-state phase diagram of the quantum Rabi model. Physical Review A, 2015, 92(5): 053823. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.92.053823.
[65] Gan C J, Zheng H. Dynamics of a two-level system coupled to a quantum oscillator: Transformed rotating-wave approximation. The European Physical Journal D, 2010, 59(3): 473-478. DOI: 10.1140/epjd/e2010-00182-8.
[66] Larson J. Absence of vacuum induced berry phases without the rotating wave approximation in cavity QED. Physical Review Letters, 2012, 108(3): 033601. DOI:
10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.033601.
[67] Ashhab S. Superradiance transition in a system with a single qubit and a single oscillator. Physical Review A, 2013, 87(1): 013826. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.87.013826.
[68] De Liberato S. Light-matter decoupling in the deep strong coupling regime: The breakdown of the Purcell effect. Physical Review Letters, 2014, 112(1): 016401. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.016401.
[69] Liu M, Ying Z J, An J H, et al. Mean photon number dependent variational method to the Rabi model. New Journal of Physics, 2015, 17(4): 043001. DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/17/4/043001.
[70] Cong L, Sun X M, Liu M, et al. Frequency-renormalized multipolaron expansion for the quantum Rabi model. Physical Review A, 2017, 95(6): 063803. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.95.063803.
[71] Wang Y, You W L, Liu M, et al. Quantum criticality and state engineering in the simulated anisotropic quantum Rabi model. New Journal of Physics, 2018, 20(5): 053061. DOI:10.1088/1367-2630/aac5b5.
[72] Mao B B, Li L, Wang Y, et al. Variational generalized rotating-wave approximation in the two-qubit quantum Rabi model. Physical Review A, 2019, 99(3): 033834. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevA.99.033834.
[73] Mahmoodian S. Chiral light-matter interaction beyond the rotating-wave approximation. Physical Review Letters, 2019, 123(13): 133603. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.133603.
[74] Kockum A F, Miranowicz A, De Liberato S, et al. Publisher correction: Ultrastrong coupling between light and matter. Nature Reviews Physics, 2019, 1(4): 295-295. DOI: 10.1038/s42254-019-0046-2.
[75] Forn-Díaz P, Lamata L, Rico E, et al. Ultrastrong coupling regimes of light-matter interaction. Reviews of Modern Physics, 2019, 91(2): 025005. DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.91.025005.
[76] Xie W, Mao B B, Li G, et al. Squeezing based analytical variational method for the biased quantum Rabi model in the ultrastrong coupling regime. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, 2020, 53(9): 095302. DOI: 10.1088/1751-8121/ab4b7a.
[77] Le Boité A. Theoretical methods for ultrastrong light–matter interactions. Advanced Quantum Technologies, 2020, 3(7): 1900140. DOI: 10.1002/qute.201900140.
[78] Frisk Kockum A, Miranowicz A, De Liberato S, et al. Ultrastrong coupling between light and matter. Nature Reviews Physics, 2019, 1(1): 19-40. DOI: 10.1038/s42254-018-0006-2.
[79] Holstein T. Studies of polaron motion: Part I. The molecular-crystal model. Annals of Physics, 1959, 8(3): 325-342. DOI: 10.1016/0003-4916(59)90002-8.
[80] Raimond J M, Brune M, Haroche S. Manipulating quantum entanglement with atoms and photons in a cavity. Reviews of Modern Physics, 2001, 73(3): 565-582. DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.73.565.
[81] Liu M, Chesi S, Ying Z J, et al. Universal scaling and critical exponents of the anisotropic quantum Rabi model. Physical Review Letters, 2017, 119(22): 220601. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.220601.
[82] Shen L T, Yang J W, Zhong Z R, et al. Quantum phase transition and quench dynamics in the two-mode Rabi model. Physical Review A, 2021, 104(6): 063703. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.104.063703.
[83] Boller K J, Imamoğlu A, Harris S E. Observation of electromagnetically induced transparency. Physical Review Letters, 1991, 66(20): 2593-2596. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.2593.
[84] Fleischhauer M, Lukin M D. Dark-state polaritons in electromagnetically induced transparency. Physical Review Letters, 2000, 84(22): 5094-5097. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5094.
[85] Bergmann K, Theuer H, Shore B W. Coherent population transfer among quantum states of atoms and molecules. Reviews of Modern Physics, 1998, 70(3): 1003-1025. DOI:10.1103/RevModPhys.70.1003.
[86] Bruß D, Macchiavello C. Optimal eavesdropping in cryptography with three-dimensional quantum states. Physical Review Letters, 2002, 88(12): 127901. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.127901.
[87] Cerf N J, Bourennane M, Karlsson A, et al. Security of quantum key distribution using 𝑑-level systems. Physical Review Letters, 2002, 88(12): 127902. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett. 88.127902.
[88] Zhou Z, Chu S I, Han S. Quantum computing with superconducting devices: A three-level SQUID qubit. Physical Review B, 2002, 66(5): 054527. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.054527.
[89] Sjöqvist E, Tong D M, Andersson L M, et al. Non-adiabatic holonomic quantum computation. New Journal of Physics, 2012, 14(10): 103035. DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/14/10/103035.
[90] Klimov A B, Guzmán R, Retamal J C, et al. Qutrit quantum computer with trapped ions. Physical Review A, 2003, 67(6): 062313. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.67.062313.
[91] Geva E, Kosloff R. The quantum heat engine and heat pump: An irreversible thermodynamic analysis of the three-level amplifier. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1996, 104(19):7681-7699. DOI: 10.1063/1.471453.
[92] Xu D, Wang C, Zhao Y, et al. Polaron effects on the performance of light-harvesting systems: A quantum heat engine perspective. New Journal of Physics, 2016, 18(2): 023003. DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/18/2/023003.
[93] Hayn M, Emary C, Brandes T. Phase transitions and dark-state physics in two-color superradiance. Physical Review A, 2011, 84(5): 053856. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.84.053856.
[94] Cordero S, Nahmad-Achar E, López-Peña R, et al. Polychromatic phase diagram for 𝑛-level atoms interacting with ℓ modes of an electromagnetic field. Physical Review A, 2015, 92(5): 053843. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.92.053843.
[95] Chen, Y., Liu, M. & Chen, X. Ground-state phase diagram, symmetries, excitation spectra and finite-frequency scaling of the two-mode quantum Rabi model. Chinese Phys. B 32, 104213 (2023). DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/acea66.
(可上下滑动)
本文经授权转载自微信公众号“中国科学院理论物理研究所”。
相关阅读
近期推荐
特 别 提 示
1. 进入『返朴』微信公众号底部菜单“精品专栏“,可查阅不同主题系列科普文章。
2. 『返朴』提供按月检索文章功能。关注公众号,回复四位数组成的年份+月份,如“1903”,可获取2019年3月的文章索引,以此类推。
长按下方图片关注「返朴」,查看更多历史文章