梵高《星夜》中那一抹明亮的黄色,成为了困扰欧洲上百年的谜团
《星夜》现藏于纽约现代艺术博物馆,被广泛认为是梵高的代表作,也被视为世界知名的西方画作之一(图片来源:Wikimedia Commons)
印度的一幅细密画。画中描绘的是印度教神祇奎师那(黑天)和他的妻子拉达的爱情故事,这是细密画非常常见的题材。奎师那的黄色裤子便是以印度黄绘制的(图片来源:onelittleangel.com)
美籍画家约翰·辛格·萨金特的作品《康乃馨、百合、百合、玫瑰》,其中女孩的肤色正是用印度黄调和而成(图片来源:Wikimedia Commons)
《戴珍珠耳环的少女》,现藏于荷兰海牙毛里茨皇家美术馆。其中也使用了印度黄这种颜料(图片来源:Wikimedia Commons)
印度市场中的杧果摊位,杧果原产于缅甸西北部、孟加拉国和印度东北部之间的地区,因此印度地区的杧果种类也非常多(图片来源:Wikimedia Commons)
印度宗教中推崇的“神牛”主要是瘤牛(Bos taurus indicus),又称肩峰牛,是黄牛的一个亚种,也是在南亚被驯化的本土物种(图片来源:utopiawellness)
由杧果中提取的杧果甙,它的潜在生物学特性已进行了初步研究,但目前尚无证实的抗病作用或批准作为处方药 (图片来源:indiamart)
参考资料:
[1] Martin de Fonjaudran, Charlotte; Acocella, Angela; Accorsi, Gianluca; Tamburini, Diego; Verri, Giovanni; Rava, Amarilli; Whittaker, Samuel; Zerbetto, Francesco; Saunders, David (2017). »Optical and theoretical investigation of Indian yellow (euxanthic acid and euxanthone)« (PDF). Dyes and Pigments. 144: 234–241. doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2017.05.034.
[2] »Indian yellow«. www.getty.edu. Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
[3] Hepworth, Harry (1924). Chemical Synthesis. Studies in the Investigation of Natural Organic Products. Blackie and Son. p. 25.
[4] Feller, Robert L., ed. (1986). »Indian Yellow«. Artists' pigments : a handbook of their history and characteristics. N.S. Baer, A. Joel, R.L. Feller and N. Indictor. Washington: National Gallery of Art. pp. 17–36. ISBN 978-1-904982-74-6.
[5] Ploeger, Rebecca; Shugar, Aaron (2017). »The story of Indian yellow – excreting a solution«. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 24: 197–205. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2016.12.001. ISSN 1296-2074.
[6] Tamburini, Diego; Martin De Fonjaudran, Charlotte; Verri, Giovanni; Accorsi, Gianluca; Acocella, Angela; Zerbetto, Francesco; Rava, Amarilli; Whittaker, Samuel; Saunders, David; Cather, Sharon (2018). »New insights into the composition of Indian yellow and its use in a Rajasthani wall painting« (PDF). Microchemical Journal. 137: 238–249. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2017.10.022.
[7] K. Gorter (April 1922). »Sur La Substance Mère du Jaune Indien«, Bulletin du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg, (in French). Volume 4 Series 3 Issue 2: p. 260–267; [J.C.S. (20 April 1923). »The precursor of Indian-yellow«, Chemical Abstracts, (in English), Volume 17 Issue No. 8: p. 1472] – via archive.com
[8] Baer, N.S.; Indictor, N.; Joel, A. (1972). »The chemistry and history of the pigment Indian Yellow«. Studies in Conservation. 17 (sup1): 401–408. doi:10.1179/sic.1972.17.s1.009.
[9] Gifford, E. M. (1998). »Painting Light: Recent Observations on Vermeer’s Technique«. In Ivan Gaskell; Michiel Jonker (eds.). Vermeer Studies. Symposium papers, Studies in the history of art. Vol. 33. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art. pp. 185–199. ISBN 978-0-300-07521-2.
[10] Taylor, W.B.S.; Mérimée, J.F.L. (1839). The Art of Painting in Oil and in Fresco. London: Whittaker & co. pp. 109.
[11] Stenhouse, John (November 1844). »Examination of a yellow substance from India called Purree, from which the pigment called Indian Yellow is manufactured«. London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 25: 321–325.
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