从爱因斯坦到黑洞的发现丨直播预告

1915年，爱因斯坦用广义相对论改写了我们对时空的理解；一个多世纪后，事件视界望远镜首次捕捉到黑洞阴影的图像，让人类首次“看见”黑洞这一神秘天体。从理论预言到天文观测，黑洞已成为检验强引力环境下物理规律的天然实验室，让观测、理论与数学在此交汇。

09:05–10:05 

Shuang-Nan Zhang 张双南

Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS中国科学院高能物理研究所

Title：

In-Depth Exploration of the Extreme Universe极端宇宙的深度探索

Abstract：

In recent years, China has launched and operated several space astronomy missions such as Wukong, POLAR, Insight-HXMT, GECAM, Einstein Probe (EP), and SVOM, embarking on a journey to explore the extreme universe, including studies on black holes. Nevertheless, numerous key scientific questions about the extreme universe remain to be solved. These include problems related to extreme origin, extreme energy, extreme celestial objects, extreme gravity, extreme density, and extreme magnetic fields. In the next 5-15 years, we plan to address and solve these questions through several internationally leading large-scale space high-energy astrophysics missions. These include and the "High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection" (HERD) experiment, to be operated on China's space station; the enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry (eXTP) space observatory; and the "Chasing All Transients Constellation Hunters" (CATCH) plan, consisting of about one hundred of micro-satellites controlled by AI. These projects are poised to bring revolutionary advancements to the in-depth exploration of the extreme universe.

近年来，我国已运行包含“悟空” 暗物质粒子探测卫星、“天极”伽玛暴偏振探测仪、“慧眼”卫星、“极目”引力波暴高能电磁对应体全天监测器卫星、“天关”卫星和中法天文卫星SVOM等多项空间天文探测项目，开启了包括黑洞研究在内的极端宇宙探索之旅。然而，关于极端宇宙的众多关键科学问题仍有待解决，包括与极端起源、极端能量、极端天体、极端引力、极端密度和极端磁场相关的问题。在未来5至15年内，我们计划通过实施若干具有国际领先水平的大型空间高能天体物理探测任务，深入研究并力争解决这些重大科学问题，包括：将在中国空间站上运行的“高能宇宙辐射探测设施”（HERD）实验；增强型X射线时变与偏振空间天文台（eXTP）；以及由约一百颗由人工智能控制的微型卫星组成的“全变源追踪猎人星座”（CATCH）计划。这些项目有望为极端宇宙的深入探索带来革命性进展。

10:05–11:05 

Chi-Ming Chang 张其明

YMSC, Tsinghua University清华丘成桐数学科学中心，清华大学

Title：

Large gaps and BTZ entropy in discrete modular spectra 

满足模不变性的离散谱中的大谱隙与BTZ熵

Abstract：

A microscopic description of pure AdS₃ gravity calls for a discrete spectrum with positive integer multiplicities, a unique vacuum, and a large primary gap, all compatible with modular invariance. I will present a construction satisfying these genus-one requirements for every sufficiently large real central charge (cL=cR=c). Starting from the modular completion of the Virasoro vacuum, the construction combines exact local spectral repair with integer moment matching to replace a signed continuum by a locally finite spectrum while preserving modular invariance. The resulting families include primary gaps exceeding (c/12) by an amount of order (c), as well as gaps (Δ₁=(c−1)/12+δ) for any fixed (δ≥0).

For the latter family, the spectral entropy agrees with the perturbative BTZ prediction through every fixed finite order in (1/c), using the same fixed energy smoothing on both sides and holding (E/c>0) fixed. This agreement extends to energies where the BTZ saddle is canonically subdominant. Different microscopic spectra can share the same perturbative entropy expansion. I will discuss the implications for pure AdS₃ gravity and the additional consistency conditions required for a full CFT realization.

Based on joint work with Reiko Liu and Wen-Jie Ma.

纯AdS₃引力理论的微观描述要具有：离散谱、正整数重数、唯一真空态以及大的初级场间隙，且所有这些都需与模不变性相容。我将介绍一种构造，对于每一个足够大的实中心荷（cL=cR=c），该构造都满足这些亏格一的要求。该构造从Virasoro真空的模完备化出发，将精确的局部谱修复与整数矩匹配相结合，用一个局部有限的谱替换有符号的连续谱，同时保持模不变性。所得谱族包括初级场间隙超过(c/12)且超出量为(c)阶的情形，以及对于任意固定(δ≥0)的间隙(Δ₁=(c−1)/12+δ)。

对于后一族，谱熵在(1/c)的每一个固定有限阶上都与微扰BTZ预言一致，两侧使用相同的固定能量平滑，并保持(E/c>0)固定。这一一致性延伸到BTZ鞍点在正则意义下为次主导的能量区域。不同的微观谱可以共享相同的微扰熵展开。我将讨论这对纯AdS₃引力的意义，以及实现完整CFT所需的额外一致性条件。

本报告基于和Reiko Liu和Wen-Jie Ma的联合研究。

对纯三维反德西特（AdS₃）引力进行微观描述，需要构建一个满足模不变性的离散谱，其态简并度为正整数、真空态唯一，且具有较大的初级态谱隙。本报告将介绍一种构造方法：对于任意充分大的实数中心荷（cL=cR=c），该方法均能满足上述亏格为一（genus-one）的条件。从 Virasoro 真空态的模完备化出发，该构造通过结合精确的局部谱修正与整数矩匹配，将带符号权重的连续谱转化为局部有限的离散谱，同时保持模不变性。由此构造得到的谱族既包括初级态谱隙超过c/12、且超出部分与c同阶的情形，也包括对任意固定的δ≥0 ，初级态谱隙满足Δ₁=(c−1)/12+δ的情形。

对于后一类谱族，在两者采用相同且固定的能量平滑处理、并保持E/c>0为固定值的条件下，谱熵在1/c展开的任意固定有限阶上均与 BTZ 黑洞的微扰预测一致。这种一致性甚至延伸至 BTZ 鞍点在正则系综中并不占主导地位的能量区域。不同的微观谱可以具有相同的微扰熵展开。本报告还将讨论这些结果对纯 AdS₃ 引力的意义，以及将上述构造实现为完整的共形场论（CFT）所需满足的其他相容性条件。

本报告基于和Reiko Liu和Wen-Jie Ma的合作研究。

11:25–12:25 

Jian-Min Wang 王建民

Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS中国科学院高能物理研究所

Title：

Detection of single/binary supermassive black holes and their satellite companions using optical very-long baseline interferometry arrays 

利用光学甚长基线干涉阵列探测单/双超大质量黑洞及其伴随的卫星黑洞

Abstract：

The Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) has successfully carried out optical interferometric observations of the Galactic Centre black hole as well as distant quasars. This lecture will introduce how optical interferometric arrays can achieve further precise observations of individual supermassive black holes (SMBHs), binary black holes, and satellite black holes surrounding SMBHs, together with their close synergy with gravitational waves. Moreover, the arrays will allow us to measure geometric distances of quasars for cosmology.

欧洲南方天文台建造的甚大望远镜干涉仪（VLTI）已成功对银河系中心黑洞以及遥远类星体开展了光学干涉观测。本报告将介绍光学干涉阵列如何实现对单个超大质量黑洞、双黑洞系统以及围绕超大质量黑洞的卫星黑洞的进一步精确观测，并介绍它们与引力波探测之间的紧密协同效应。此外，这些阵列还可用于测量类星体的几何距离，为宇宙学研究提供新的观测手段。

14:00–15:00 

Yuan Tan 谭媛

National Astronomical Observatories, CAS中国科学院国家天文台

Title：

Constraining the Yukawa Metric with Supermassive Black Hole Systems

利用超大质量黑洞系统约束汤川度规

Abstract：

Over the past century, general relativity has achieved great success yet faces fundamental challenges, motivating modified gravity theories such as \(f(R)\) gravity and entropic gravity, many of which predict a Yukawa metric with parameters \(\lambda\) and \(\kappa\). Most existing bounds on this metric come from weak-field tests, while strong-field constraints remain rare. We use Galactic Center S-stars and EHT black hole shadow observations to constrain Yukawa gravity. We derive post-Newtonian equations and perform joint fits with S2, S38 and S55, obtaining tight limits on \(\kappa\). We also extract constraints from Sgr A* and M87* shadows and discuss improvements expected from future ngEHT and BHEX facilities using second photon ring.

在过去一个世纪里，广义相对论取得了巨大成功，但仍面临着根本性挑战，这推动了修改引力理论，比如f(R)引力和熵力引力等的发展，其中许多都预言了由参数λ和κ描述的汤川度规。目前，对该度规的约束大多来自弱引力场检验，而强引力场条件下的约束仍然很少。我们利用银河系中心S型恒星和事件视界望远镜（EHT）的黑洞阴影观测数据，对汤川引力理论进行约束。我们推导了后牛顿近似下的运动方程，并对S2、S38和S55三颗恒星的观测数据进行联合拟合，从而获得了对κ的严格限制。我们还利用Sgr A*和M87*的阴影观测结果，进一步限制汤川引力理论的参数，并讨论了未来ngEHT和BHEX设施利用第二阶光子环所能实现的改进。

15:00–16:00 

Zhen Pan 潘震

Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University李政道研究所，上海交通大学

Title：

Weighing Supermassive Black Holes with Quasi-Periodic Eruptions

利用准周期爆发测量超大质量黑洞质量

Abstract：

Quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs) are recurrent soft X-ray flares from galactic nuclei. More and more analyses show that QPEs are the result of collisions between a stellar mass object (a stellar mass black hole or a main sequence star) and an accretion disk around a supermassive black hole (SMBH). Therefore, QPEs provides an unprecedented opportunity to trace stellar mass objects in the vicinity of extra-galactic SMBHs and consequently measure the SMBH masses. In this talk, I will first review QPE observations and the QPE timing method, then outline the road-map for weighing a large sample of SMBHs with wide-field survey and spetroscopic follow-up instruments in the time-domain astronomy era.

准周期爆发(QPEs)是发生在星系核区域、反复出现的软X射线耀斑。越来越多的分析表明，QPEs是恒星质量天体（恒星质量黑洞或主序星）与超大质量黑洞（SMBH）周围吸积盘碰撞的结果。因此，QPEs 为追踪河外星系超大质量黑洞附近的恒星质量天体、进而可测量SMBH的质量提供了前所未有的机遇。在本报告中，首先我将回顾QPE的观测研究进展及其计时测量方法，然后概述在时域天文学时代利用大视场巡天和光谱后随观测设施对大样本SMBHs进行质量测量的路线图。

16:20–17:20 

Shing-Tung Yau 丘成桐

YMSC, Tsinghua University清华丘成桐数学科学中心，清华大学

Title：

Mathematical Foundations of Blackholes

黑洞的数学基础

Abstract：

The mathematical theory of black holes centers on three fundamental problems: formation, stability, and uniqueness. The Oppenheimer–Snyder model describes gravitational collapse under restrictive spherical symmetry, while Penrose’s trapped-surface principle provides a mathematical framework, leaving open its realization in general physical spacetimes. Schoen–Yau established a deeper geometric foundation through the Einstein constraint equations, and Yau subsequently identified an intrinsic mechanism independent of matter. These developments provided geometric motivation for Christodoulou’s dynamical black-hole formation without symmetry, further advanced by recent work of Mondal–Yau to much more general spacetimes. I will discuss how these results connect horizon formation and stability with classical uniqueness, toward a unified understanding of black holes and their genericity.

黑洞的数学理论围绕三个基本问题展开：形成、稳定性与唯一性。奥本海默-施耐德（Oppenheimer–Snyder）模型描述了在严格球对称条件下的引力坍缩，而罗杰·彭罗斯（Roger Penrose）提出的俘获面原理为研究黑洞形成提供了数学框架，但其在一般物理时空中的实现仍悬而未决。理查德·舍恩和丘成桐（Schoen–Yau）通过爱因斯坦约束方程建立了更深刻的几何基础，丘成桐随后又发现一种不依赖于物质的内禀几何机制。这些进展从几何学角度为德梅特里奥斯·克里斯托多罗（Demetrios Christodoulou）在不施加对称性假设的情况下研究黑洞的动力学形成提供了重要启发，而Mondal和丘成桐（Mondal–Yau）最近的研究又将其推广到更一般的时空。我将讨论这些结果如何把视界形成与稳定性同经典的黑洞唯一性联系起来，从而推动对黑洞及其普适性的统一理解。

19:30–20:30 Public Lecture

Shep Doeleman

Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian哈佛-史密松森天体物理中心

Title：

From Still Images to Video: Observing Supermassive Black Holes on Event-horizon Scales 

从静态图像到动态影像：事件视界尺度上的超大质量黑洞观测

Abstract：

Black holes are cosmic objects so small and dense, that nothing, not even light can escape their gravitational pull. Until recently, no one had ever seen what a black hole actually looked like. Einstein's theories predict that a distant observer should see a ring of light encircling the black hole, which forms when radiation emitted by infalling hot gas is lensed by the extreme gravity near the event horizon. The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a global array of radio dishes that has now successfully imaged the 6.5 billion solar mass black hole at the center of galaxy M87, and the 4 million solar mass black hole at the center of the Milky Way - both exhibiting the predicted strong gravitational lensing. Subsequent observations have revealed ordered magnetic fields on horizon scales with implications on how black holes launch relativistic jets of material. What's next? The next-generation EHT (ngEHT) is a project to expand the EHT in several ways, enabling us to make full-color, high definition movies of black holes in pursuit of the next big questions. This talk will cover the first EHT results, what we have learned about black holes from these observations, future directions, and progress towards realizing the ngEHT. 

黑洞是宇宙中极其致密的天体，以至于没有任何物质——甚至包括光——能够逃脱其引力作用。截至目前，依然没有人见过黑洞到底长什么样。爱因斯坦的理论预言，远处的观测者应当看到一个环绕黑洞的光环；当落向黑洞的高温气体所发出的辐射在事件视界附近的极端引力作用下发生引力透镜效应时，这个光环便会形成。事件视界望远镜（EHT）是由全球多台射电望远镜组成的观测阵列，现已成功获得M87星系中心质量为65亿倍太阳质量的黑洞，以及银河系中心质量为400万倍太阳质量的黑洞的图像。两者都展现出预期中的强引力透镜效应。后续观测还揭示了视界尺度上具有有序结构的磁场，这对理解黑洞如何驱动相对论性物质喷流具有重要意义。下一步是什么？下一代事件视界望远镜（ngEHT）计划通过多方面的扩展与升级，使我们能够制作黑洞的全彩色高清“电影”，以探寻更多重大科学问题。本报告将介绍EHT的首批成果、这些观测如何增进我们对黑洞的认识，以及未来的研究方向和ngEHT项目的进展。

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