兔子成群的“天堂”，背后竟是不为人知的日本“毒气岛”往事

在距离广岛市不远的濑户内海上，坐落着一座小岛——大久野岛。

A short distance from Hiroshima, in Japan's Seto Inland Sea, lies Okunoshima, a small island where the Imperial Japanese Army once produced poison gas.

80多年前，这里曾是旧日本陆军秘密制造毒气的基地。战争期间，这里生产的毒剂被制成化学武器，运往中国战场使用，造成大量人员伤亡。

More than 80 years ago, during the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1931-45), the poison gas was sent to China for use as chemical weapons, causing heavy casualties.

位于日本广岛县竹原市大久野岛的原毒气储存仓库遗址。（侯俊杰摄）

战争没有放过岛上的兔子。约200只兔子曾被用于毒气试验，并在日本战败后被杀死。如今在岛上随处可见的兔子，是后来为发展旅游业而引入的。

Rabbits, the original inhabitants of this island, were also harmed. About 200 were used for poison gas testing and killed after Japan's defeat. Those roaming the island today were introduced later to attract tourists.

目前约1000只兔子生活在这里。大久野岛也以“兔子天堂”闻名，成为游客纷至沓来的观光地。

The island is now a popular tourist destination known as a "rabbit paradise", and home to roughly 1,000 of the furry mammals.

大久野岛是位于濑户内海的一座小岛，距离广岛市不到80公里。（图 大久野岛官网）

大久野岛上的兔耳造型装置。（图大久野岛官网）

1945年8月6日，原子弹轰炸给广岛留下的惨痛记忆广为人知。与之形成鲜明对照的是，大久野岛与日本毒气战有关的这段黑暗历史，至今仍鲜为人知。

In stark contrast to the global awareness of the atrocities inflicted by the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on Aug 6, 1945, Okunoshima's dark past remains little known.

多名长期研究日本毒气战历史的学者与和平人士呼吁，日本不能只讲述自身遭受的战争伤害，也必须正视其作为战争加害者的历史，以及给中国等亚洲国家人民带来的伤痛。

Japanese researchers and peace activists have called on Japan to move beyond a narrative centered on its own wartime suffering, and confront its history as an aggressor and the pain it inflicted on people in China and other Asian countries.

他们同时担忧，随着研究人员和志愿讲解员日渐年迈，记录和讲述这段历史的人越来越少，日本战争加害历史的记忆也面临逐渐淡去的风险。

They have also warned that the memory of Japan's wartime aggression risks fading as researchers and volunteer guides grow older.

被隐藏的毒气岛

大久野岛位于日本广岛县竹原市，面积仅约0.7平方公里。

Okunoshima, located in Takehara, Hiroshima prefecture, covers just 0.7 square kilometers.

资料显示，旧日本陆军1927年开始在大久野岛建设毒气工厂。从1929年投产到1945年日本战败，先后有6000多人在岛上工作。

Records show that the Imperial Japanese Army began building a poison gas factory on Okunoshima in 1927. From the start of production in 1929 until Japan's defeat in 1945, more than 6,000 people worked there.

位于日本广岛县竹原市大久野岛的原毒气储存仓库遗址。（侯俊杰摄）

据日本民间团体“毒气岛历史研究所”代表山内静代介绍，当年的工人曾回忆，毒气生产过程中，有毒物质会沉降在地面附近，“像一层白雾，笼罩在脚边”。

毒气生产一直被置于严密保密之下。岛上24小时有人警戒，对岸行驶的列车也被要求遮住朝向大久野岛一侧的车窗。这座岛甚至一度从地图上消失。

Production was kept under strict secrecy. Okunoshima was guarded around the clock, while trains running along the opposite coast were required to cover windows facing the island. Okunoshima was even removed from maps.

山内静代说，大久野岛生产的毒剂后来被用于战场，夺走了许多人的生命。

Yamauchi said poison gas produced on the island was later used on the battlefield and took many lives.

“发动战争就是侵略，而侵略本身就是给他人带来伤害。”

"Starting a war is an act of aggression, and aggression itself means inflicting harm on others," she said.

日本战败后，大量相关资料被焚毁。80多年过去，毒气储存设施等战争遗迹仍散落在岛上，而保存和还原这段历史，则更多依靠当地民间力量。

After Japan's defeat, large quantities of related documents were burned, although remnants of wartime facilities, including poison gas storage sites, can still be found across the island today. With much of the wartime records destroyed, efforts to preserve this history have relied largely on island residents.

1988年，在当地和平人士推动下，大久野岛毒气资料馆成立，馆藏史料由民间搜集，建馆资金也主要由当地筹措。

It was not until 1988 that local peace activists established the Okunoshima Poison Gas Museum, collecting historical materials and raising funds themselves.

位于日本广岛县竹原市大久野岛拍摄的毒气资料馆。（侯俊杰摄）

如今，资料馆内陈列着当年用于生产毒剂的设备、化学武器残片、防护服和防毒面具，以及旧日本陆军在中国战场使用毒气的相关命令文件。

Its exhibits now include equipment used to produce chemical agents, remnants of chemical weapons, protective clothing and gas masks, as well as documents related to orders by the Imperial Japanese Army to use poison gas in China.

馆内还设有日本遗弃在华化学武器展区，记录了战后数十年间，这些化学武器在施工等活动中陆续被发现，并造成民众受伤的案例。展览呼吁日本妥善处置遗弃在华化学武器，并对受害者予以赔偿。

长期研究日本毒气战历史的“毒气岛历史研究所”事务局长、原广岛县高中教师山内正之介绍，在当地民众持续呼吁下，直到2011年，日本遗弃在华化学武器问题才被纳入资料馆展览。

Masayuki Yamauchi, director of the Poison Gas Island Historical Research Institute and a former high school teacher in Hiroshima prefecture, has long researched Japan's chemical warfare. He said the issue of chemical weapons abandoned in China was not added to the museum's exhibits until 2011, after local citizens urged the authorities to include it.

对于资料馆的未来，山内正之也有着自己的担忧。他担心，随着政治环境变化，这座由民间力量推动建立、保存毒气战历史的资料馆，有一天可能面临关闭的风险。

He also expressed concern about the museum's future, warning that changes in the political climate could eventually put it at risk of closure.

大久野岛毒气资料馆简介手册中关于日军毒气战历史的介绍。（侯俊杰摄）

不应淡去的记忆

同在广岛县，原爆圆顶馆已被列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录，而大久野岛曾经制造毒气的历史，至今仍鲜为人知。

Hiroshima's Atomic Bomb Dome is a UNESCO World Heritage site, yet the history of poison gas production on Okunoshima in the same prefecture remains far less widely known.

日本广岛市的原爆圆顶馆。（侯俊杰摄)

广岛县禁止原子弹氢弹协议会代表委员金子哲夫认为，大久野岛无疑是日本战争加害历史的一个见证。

For Tetsuo Kaneko, a representative of the Hiroshima Council against A — and H-Bombs and a former Diet member who has long been involved in Japan's peace movement, Okunoshima is a symbol of Japan's history as a wartime aggressor.

“加害者往往容易忘记这段历史，但对于受害者而言，伤痛却延续至今。”

"Those who inflict harm tend to forget the history, but for the victims, the suffering remains to this day," he said.

在金子哲夫看来，广岛的战争记忆不应只停留在1945年的原子弹爆炸，也应正视此前日本军国主义给亚洲各国人民带来的苦难。

In Kaneko's view, Hiroshima's wartime memory should not begin only with the atomic bombing in 1945, but should also confront the suffering Japanese militarism inflicted on people across Asia before then.

如今，随着日本不断强化军事力量，如何面对自身的战争历史，再次受到关注。

今年8月，在广岛和长崎举行的原子弹爆炸纪念活动上，日本首相高市早苗表示，日本政府“正坚持”不拥有、不制造、不运进核武器的“无核三原则”，但没有明确承诺今后将继续坚持这一原则。8月15日，在日本战败81周年之际，高市表示绝不让战争惨祸重演，但没有提及日本发动战争的责任。

在这样的变化中，金子哲夫担忧，日本社会对于战争加害历史的认识正在逐渐淡去。

不止“毒气岛”

大久野岛只是日本战时化学战体系的一环。

Okunoshima was only one part of Japan's wartime chemical warfare system.

战争期间，日本形成了一套涵盖毒剂生产、人员训练和战场使用的化学战体系。大久野岛负责生产毒剂，位于福冈县北九州市的曾根制造所负责将毒剂装填进弹药，千叶县的旧日本陆军习志野学校则负责化学战人员训练。

During the war, Japan developed a network covering the production of chemical agents, personnel training and battlefield use. Okunoshima produced the chemical agents, while the Sone production facility in Kitakyushu, Fukuoka prefecture, placed them in munitions. The Imperial Japanese Army's Narashino School in Chiba prefecture trained personnel in chemical warfare.

日本历史学者、明治学院大学国际和平研究所研究员松野诚也近年来在日本国立公文书馆发现了曾根制造所的战时生产报告。档案不仅记录了化学武器的生产情况，也记载了生产过程中发生的事故及造成的人员伤亡。

曾根制造所的毒剂装填作业则从1938年持续至1944年。松野诚也的研究显示，曾根制造所共生产约148万枚毒气弹。

Chemical filling there took place from 1938 to 1944. Matsuno's research shows that the Sone facility produced about 1.48 million poison gas munitions.

而在这套毒气战体系形成之前，国际法早已禁止在战争中使用毒气。1925年签署的《日内瓦议定书》明确禁止在战争中使用窒息性、毒性或其他气体。

By the time the chemical warfare system took shape, the use of poison gas in war had already been prohibited under international law. The 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibited the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases.

然而，从1929年至1945年，日本仍持续大量生产用于化学武器的毒剂。

Yet from 1929 until 1945, Japan continued producing large quantities of chemical agents for use in chemical weapons.

日本战败后，大量化学武器被遗弃在中国。

据中国外交部资料，侵华日军曾在中国大规模使用化学武器，造成20余万中国军民伤亡。目前已在中国18个省级行政区、120多个地点发现约40万件日本遗弃化学武器。抗日战争结束以来，这些遗弃化学武器已造成2000余名中国民众伤亡。

日中化学武器受害者支援基金理事长、律师菅本麻衣子长期参与日本遗弃在华化学武器受害者诉讼。

Maiko Sugamoto, director of the Japan-China Cooperative Fund for Victims of Chemical Weapons, has long been involved in lawsuits on behalf of victims of chemical weapons abandoned by the Imperial Japanese Army in China.

她指出，战争结束数十年后，这些化学武器仍可能在施工、挖掘过程中被发现。

She said these weapons can still resurface decades after the war during construction and excavation.

“战争已经过去数十年，但承受这些遗留伤害的，依然是普通民众。”

"Decades after the war ended, it is still ordinary people who suffer from the harm left behind," she said.

根据1997年生效的《禁止化学武器公约》，日本承担销毁其遗弃在中国的化学武器的责任。1999年，中日两国政府签署关于销毁中国境内日本遗弃化学武器的备忘录，对相关销毁工作作出安排。

Under the Chemical Weapons Convention, which entered into force in 1997, Japan is responsible for destroying the chemical weapons it abandoned in China. In 1999, the Chinese and Japanese governments signed a memorandum setting out arrangements for their destruction.

销毁工作原定于2007年完成，但由于日方重视和投入不足，此后已四次逾期。

The destruction process was originally due to be completed by 2007, but the plan has since missed its deadline four times amid insufficient attention and input from the Japanese side.

9月初，在大久野岛举行的一场活动上，中国驻大阪总领事馆副总领事方炜表示，日本政府应正视历史责任和现实义务，采取切实有效措施，加快日本遗弃在华化学武器处理进程，“早日还中国人民一片净土”。

历史的传承

8月下旬，日本横滨举行了一系列展览和讲座，通过照片、历史资料以及日本学者、摄影记者等人的讲述，再次将旧日本陆军毒气战的历史带到公众面前。系列活动首日吸引了近200人参加。

8月23日至28日，日本市民团体举办“日军毒气展”，揭露日本军国主义暴行。图为参观者在现场观看展板。（侯俊杰 摄）

展览中，日本摄影记者樋口健二拍摄的大久野岛毒气战历史照片也在展出。自1970年以来，他一直用镜头记录这座岛的战争历史。

Among the works on display were photographs documenting Okunoshima's poison gas history by Japanese photojournalist Kenji Higuchi, who has covered the island's wartime history since 1970.

“他们做了可怕的事情，认为这是国家的耻辱，所以想把它从历史中抹去。”樋口健二说，“这段历史必须讲清楚。错的就是错的，对的就是对的，必须把两者分清。”

"They did something terrible, and it was a disgrace to the country, so they wanted to erase it from history," Higuchi said. "This history must be told clearly. What was wrong was wrong, and what was right was right. We need to be able to distinguish between the two."

活动组织者之一、日本民间团体“731网络”代表五井信治介绍，展出的许多资料自20世纪90年代起便由日本民间团体陆续收集和保存。

多年来，五井信治参与组织了10余场类似活动。在他看来，一次次展览和讲座，是为了留下历史的记录，也让这段历史不至于淡出公众的视野。

山内正之1944年出生于中国沈阳，与妻子山内静代长期从事日本毒气战历史调查和民间交流。1996年，了解到旧日本军遗弃在华化学武器在战后仍持续造成伤害后，山内正之多次赴华走访受害者，并参与要求日本政府向受害者道歉和补偿的民间活动。

金子哲夫长期参与日本反核运动。他介绍，自1994年起，相关民间团体开始组织大久野岛实地学习活动，希望在讲述广岛原爆等战争受害历史的同时，也让更多日本民众了解日本的战争加害历史。

参观者在大久野岛毒气资料馆查看有关防护服的展览介绍。（侯俊杰 摄）

然而，要把这段历史继续传给下一代，正变得越来越难。

作为横滨系列活动的演讲者之一，菅本麻衣子指出，日本年轻一代已经开始讲述和传承日本自身的战争受害经历，其中包括原子弹爆炸幸存者的故事。

Sugamoto, who gave a talk as part of the Yokohama event series, said younger generations have begun taking over the task of telling stories of Japan's wartime suffering, including those of atomic bomb survivors.

“但对于日本在战争中给他人造成伤害的历史，我们还没有看到年轻一代真正接过来，继续把这些故事讲下去。”

"But when it comes to the history of the harm Japan inflicted during the war, we have yet to see a younger generation take over and continue telling these stories," she said.

随着大久野岛的志愿讲解员日渐年迈，菅本麻衣子希望更多日本年轻人能够了解日本的战争加害历史。

With longtime volunteer guides on Okunoshima growing older, Sugamoto hopes more young Japanese will learn about the country's wartime aggression.

"Our generation and those younger than us must continue telling these stories and pass this history on," she said.

记者：侯俊杰