是哪里在下雪啊

今天朋友圈又开始下雪了，我怎么没看到啊啊啊啊啊

🤔️小作业：

1. How does the article describe the impact of global warming on the number and intensity of severe cold events?

A) It decreases both the number and intensity.

B) It decreases the number but not necessarily the intensity.

C) It increases the number but decreases the intensity.

D) It has an unpredictable impact on both.

A) The Antarctic region.

B) The tropical regions.

C) The Arctic region.

D) The equatorial region.

无注释原文：

Extreme cold still happens in a warming world – in fact climate instability may be disrupting the polar vortex

From: The Conversation

Extremely cold Arctic air and severe winter weather swept southward into much of the U.S. in mid-January 2024, breaking daily low temperature records from Montana to Texas. Tens of millions of people were affected by dangerously cold temperatures, and heavy lake-effect snow and snow squalls have had severe effects across the Great Lakes and Northeast regions.

After Earth just experienced its hottest year on record, it may seem surprising to set so many cold records. But does this cold snap contradict human-caused global warming? As an atmospheric and climate scientist, I can tell you, absolutely and unequivocally, it does not.

No single weather event can prove or disprove global warming. Many studies have shown that the number of extreme cold events is clearly decreasing with global warming, as predicted and understood from physical reasoning.

Whether global warming may, contrary to expectations, be playing some supporting role in the intensity of these events is an open question. Some research suggests it does.

The February 2021 cold wave that severely disrupted the Texas electric grid was also associated with a stretched stratospheric polar vortex. My colleagues and I have provided evidence suggesting that Arctic changes associated with global warming have increased the likelihood of such vortex disruptions. The effects of the enhanced high latitude warming known as Arctic amplification on regional snow cover and sea ice may enhance the weather patterns that, in turn, result in a stretched polar vortex.

More recently, we have shown that for large areas of the U.S., Europe and Northeast Asia, while the number of these severe cold events is clearly decreasing – as expected with global warming – it does not appear that their intensity is correspondingly decreasing, despite the rapid warming in their Arctic source regions.

So, while the world can expect fewer of these severe cold events in the future, many regions need to remain prepared for exceptional cold when it does occur. A better understanding of the pathways of influence between Arctic surface conditions, the stratospheric polar vortex and mid-latitude winter weather would improve our ability to anticipate these events and their severity.

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Extreme cold still happens in a warming world – in fact climate instability may be disrupting the polar vortex

From: The Conversation

Extremely cold Arctic air and severe winter weather swept southward into much of the U.S. in mid-January 2024, breaking daily low temperature records from Montana to Texas. Tens of millions of people were affected by dangerously cold temperatures, and heavy lake-effect snow and snow squalls have had severe effects across the Great Lakes and Northeast regions.

2024年1月中旬，极端寒冷的北极气流和恶劣的冬季天气向南席卷了美国大部分地区，打破了从蒙大拿州到德克萨斯州的日最低温度记录。数千万人受到危险低温的影响，严重冷流降雪和暴风雪对五大湖和东北部地区造成了严重影响。

the Arctic /ˈɑːk.tɪk/ 作名词，表示“北极，北极地区”，英文解释为“the very cold area around the North Pole”举个🌰：Polar bears live in the Arctic. 北极熊生活在北极地区。

arctic /ˈɑːk.tɪk/ 作形容词，表示“北极的”，或者表示“极其寒冷的”。

sweep /swiːp/ 作动词，可以表示“风行，风靡，迅速蔓延，迅速传播；席卷；横扫”，英文解释为“to quickly spread through and influence an area”举个🌰：A flu epidemic is sweeping through Moscow. 一场流感正在莫斯科迅速传播。

📺电视剧《王冠》（The Crown）中的台词提到：Independence is sweeping across the continent. 独立运动席卷这片大陆。

📺动画片《辛普森一家》（The Simpsons）中的台词提到：A plague is sweeping through Springfield. 一场瘟疫正席卷斯普林菲尔德。

📍sweeping 作形容词，1）表示“影响广泛的；大范围的；根本性的；意义深远的”，英文解释为“having an important effect on a large part of sth”如：sweeping changes 彻底变化，举个🌰：They were given sweeping powers to search homes. 他们授予入户搜查的极大权力。

🎬电影《沉默》（Silence）中的台词提到：He wrote those words during the most sweeping persecution of all. 他写下这些话时 正经历着最为残酷的迫害。

2）sweeping statement/generalization 表示“泛泛之谈；一概而论的说法；过于笼统的概括”，英文解释为“something that you say or write that is too general and that has not been carefully thought about”举个🌰：Sweeping generalizations about this complex and difficult situation are not helpful. 对这种复杂困难的情形作泛泛之谈是没有用的。

squall /skwɔːl/ 作名词，1）表示“飑（指突起的狂风或短时的风暴）”，英文解释为“a sudden strong wind or short storm”举个🌰：Violent squalls signalled the approach of the hurricane. 狂飑意味着飓风即将到来。

2）表示“大声啼哭，号哭”，英文解释为“a loud, sharp noise”

After Earth just experienced its hottest year on record, it may seem surprising to set so many cold records. But does this cold snap contradict human-caused global warming? As an atmospheric and climate scientist, I can tell you, absolutely and unequivocally, it does not.

地球刚刚经历了有史以来最热的一年之后，又创下如此多的寒冷记录似乎颇具讽刺。但这次寒潮是否与人为导致的全球变暖相矛盾呢？作为一名大气和气候科学家，我可以明确地告诉你，这并不矛盾。

cold snap /ˈkəʊld ˌsnæp/ 表示“寒汛期；寒，骤冷”，英文解释为“a short period of cold weather”

contradict /ˌkɒn.trəˈdɪkt/ 作动词，1）表示“相抵触；相矛盾；相反”，英文解释为“to be so different from each other that one of them must be wrong”举个🌰：The two stories contradict each other. 这两种说法相互抵触。

2）表示“反驳；驳斥；批驳”，英文解释为“to say that sth that sb else has said is wrong, and that the opposite is true”举个🌰：All evening her husband contradicted everything she said. 整个晚上她说什么丈夫都反驳。

atmospheric /ˌæt.məsˈfer.ɪk/ 作形容词，1）表示“空气的；大气（层）的”，英文解释为“relating to the air or to the atmosphere”举个🌰：Plants are the main source of atmospheric oxygen. 大气中的氧气主要是植物产生的。

2）表示“制造独特氛围的；有神秘美感的；富有情调的”，英文解释为“creating a special feeling, especially a mysterious or romantic feeling”如：atmospheric lighting/music 富有情调的灯光/音乐。

unequivocally /ˌʌn.ɪˈkwɪv.ə.kəl.i/ 作副词，表示“毫不含糊地；明确地，肯定地”，英文解释为“in a way that is total, or expressed very clearly with no doubt”举个🌰：She unequivocally denied the allegations. 她明确地否认了这些指控。

No single weather event can prove or disprove global warming. Many studies have shown that the number of extreme cold events is clearly decreasing with global warming, as predicted and understood from physical reasoning.

任何单一的天气事件都不能证明或否定全球变暖的事实。许多研究表明，随着全球变暖，极端寒冷事件的数量明显减少，这与物理推理所预测和推断的一致。

reasoning /ˈriː.zən.ɪŋ/ 作名词，表示“推理；推断；推论”，英文解释为“the process of thinking about something in order to make a decision”举个🌰：The reasoning behind her conclusion is impossible to fault. 她得出结论的推理过程无懈可击。

Whether global warming may, contrary to expectations, be playing some supporting role in the intensity of these events is an open question. Some research suggests it does.

全球变暖是否会与预期相反，对这些事件的强度起到一定的辅助作用，这还是一个未解之谜。有些研究表明，确实有所影响。

contrary /ˈkɒn.trə.ri/ 作名词，表示“相反；反面；对立面；相反事物”，英文解释为“the opposite”举个🌰：I was worried that it might be too hard for me but it turned out the contrary was true. 我原来担心那可能对我来说太难了，可是我发现恰恰相反。

作形容词，表示“相反的，对立的；完全不同的”，英文解释为“opposite”如：a contrary point of view 相反的观点。

intensity /ɪnˈten.sə.ti/ 作名词，1）表示“强烈；剧烈”，英文解释为“the quality of being felt strongly or having a very strong effect”举个🌰：The explosion was of such intensity that it was heard five miles away. 爆炸的巨响5英里以外都能听见。

2）表示“（感情或看法的）强烈；认真；全情投入”，英文解释为“the quality of being very serious and having strong emotions or opinions”举个🌰：The intensity of their relationship was causing problems. 他们关系中所牵涉的感情强烈得引发了问题。

The February 2021 cold wave that severely disrupted the Texas electric grid was also associated with a stretched stratospheric polar vortex. My colleagues and I have provided evidence suggesting that Arctic changes associated with global warming have increased the likelihood of such vortex disruptions. The effects of the enhanced high latitude warming known as Arctic amplification on regional snow cover and sea ice may enhance the weather patterns that, in turn, result in a stretched polar vortex.

2021年2月严重影响德克萨斯州电网的寒潮也与平流层极地涡旋的延伸有关。我和我的同事提供的证据表明，由全球变暖引起的北极变化提高了极地涡旋遭受干扰的可能性。北极放大效应对区域性雪盖和海冰的影响可能加剧了那些进而导致极地涡旋延伸的天气模式。

grid /ɡrɪd/ 作名词，1）表示“网格，方格;格栅，格子”，英文解释为“a pattern or structure made from horizontal and vertical lines crossing each other to form squares”举个🌰：A metal grid had been placed over the hole to prevent people from falling in. 在洞口铺了一个铁格栅，以免有人跌入。

2）表示“电力网，输电网”，英文解释为“a system of wires through which electricity is connected to different power stations across a region”如：the national grid 全国输电网。

stretch /stretʃ/ 作名词，表示“（连续的）一段时间”，英文解释为“a continuous period of time”举个🌰：The elderly generally need far less rest than the young, and tend to sleep in several short stretches. 年长者一般需要的休息时间比年轻人要少得多，而且往往会分成几个小段时间睡觉。

作动词，1）表示“到…的限度；超过…的限度；竭尽”，英文解释为“to go as far as or past the usual limit of something”举个🌰：Many families' budgets are already stretched to breaking point. 许多家庭的预算已经撑到了极限。

2）表示“伸出；伸长；拉伸”，英文解释为“to cause something to reach, often as far as possible, in a particular direction”举个🌰：She stretched out her hand and helped him from his chair. 她伸手将他从椅子上扶起来。

3）表示“展开，铺开；延伸”，英文解释为“to spread over a large area or distance”举个🌰：A huge cloud of dense smoke stretched across the horizon. 一大团浓烟在地平线上蔓延开来。

4）表示“延续”，英文解释为“to spread over a long period of time”举个🌰：The dispute stretches back over many years. 这场争论可追溯到许多年以前。

stratospheric /ˌstræt.əˈsfer.ɪk/ 作形容词，1）表示“平流层的，同温层的”，英文解释为“relating to the stratosphere (= the layer of gases surrounding the earth at a height of between 15 and 50 kilometres)”如：stratospheric clouds 平流层的云。

2）表示“极高的；非常的”，英文解释为“very high or great”举个🌰：It's an amazing camera, but the price is stratospheric! 这是一部令人惊艳的相机，但是价格也极其高昂！

polar vortex /ˌpəoʊ.lə ˈvɔː.teks/ 表示“极地涡旋”，英文解释为“an area of low pressure and cold air that forms near the North or South Pole and is stronger in winter”举个🌰：Extremely low temperatures in the polar vortex lead to the formation of polar stratospheric clouds. 极地涡旋的极低温度导致极地平流层云的形成。

enhance /ɪnˈhɑːns/ 作动词，表示“提高；增加；增强；增进”，英文解释为“to improve the quality, amount, or strength of something”举个🌰：These scandals will not enhance the organization's reputation. 这些丑闻可不会提高这个组织的声誉。

latitude /ˈlæt.ɪ.tʃuːd/ 作名词，1）表示“纬度”，英文解释为“the position north or south of the equator measured from 0° to 90°”

2）表示“（言行或思维上的）自由”，英文解释为“freedom to behave, act, or think in the way you want to”举个🌰：Courts can show a considerable degree of latitude when it comes to applying the law. 法庭在依法量刑断案方面有较大的自由度。

区分：

🚀altitude表示“海拔；海拔高度；高程”，英文解释为“the height above sea level”举个🌰：We are flying at an altitude of 6 000 metres. 我们的飞行高度是6 000米。

🚩longitude表示“经度”，英文解释为“the distance of a place east or west of the Greenwich meridian , measured in degrees”

amplification /ˌæm.plɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ 作名词，1）表示“发挥，引申；阐述，详述”，英文解释为“added detail”举个🌰：The horror lies in the violence itself, which needs no amplification. 暴力行为本身就令人恐惧，对此无需作任何阐释。

2）表示“扩音”，英文解释为“Amplification makes music or other sounds louder.”如：electronic amplification 电子扩音。

3）表示“扩大，增强”

More recently, we have shown that for large areas of the U.S., Europe and Northeast Asia, while the number of these severe cold events is clearly decreasing – as expected with global warming – it does not appear that their intensity is correspondingly decreasing, despite the rapid warming in their Arctic source regions.

最近，我们发现，在美国、欧洲和东北亚的大部分地区，尽管这些严寒事件的数量明显减少——符合全球变暖的预期——但其强度似乎并没有随着北极地区的快速变暖而相应降低。

correspondingly /ˌkɒr.ɪˈspɒn.dɪŋ.li/ 作副词，表示“相似地；相应地；对等地”，英文解释为“in a way that is similar to, connected with, or caused by something else”举个🌰：Life in the city is more expensive, but salaries are correspondingly higher. 城市里的生活费用更高，但薪水也相应地更高。

So, while the world can expect fewer of these severe cold events in the future, many regions need to remain prepared for exceptional cold when it does occur. A better understanding of the pathways of influence between Arctic surface conditions, the stratospheric polar vortex and mid-latitude winter weather would improve our ability to anticipate these events and their severity.

因此，尽管全球可以预期未来此类严寒事件会减少，但许多地区仍需做好准备，以应对可能出现的极端严寒天气。更好地了解北极地表条件、平流层极地涡旋和中纬度冬季天气之间的影响途径，将提高我们预测这些事件及其严重性的能力。

exceptional /ɪkˈsep.ʃən.əl/ 作形容词，表示“（尤指在技能、才智、品质等方面）卓越的，杰出的，不同凡响的；不寻常的，罕见的”，英文解释为“much greater than usual, especially in skill, intelligence, quality, etc.”如：an exceptional student 出类拔萃的学生。

anticipate /ænˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/ 作动词，表示“预期，期望；预料”，英文解释为“to imagine or expect that something will happen”举个🌰：We don't anticipate any trouble. 我们不希望出现任何问题。

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