德国将实现性别自由

近日，德国联邦议院表决通过了《性别自决法》，该法案将于11月1日生效。新规定下，公民可以自行申请变更性别（男性、女性或多元性别），一年可申请修改一次。此前，改变性别登记需要医生证明和家庭法院的批准。

🤔️小作业：

1. What new option does the German gender change law provide regarding personal gender records?

A) Individuals can now avoid any gender being registered.

B) Individuals can choose only between male and female.

C) Registrations are automatically updated every year. D) Gender changes require court approval.

A) It prevents family courts from intervening.

B) It penalizes unauthorized disclosure of past gender or name.

C) It allows unlimited changes in gender registration.

D) It automatically changes one's first name to match the new gender.

无注释原文：

Germany eases gender change rules

From: BBC

The German parliament has passed a law making it easier for citizens and residents to legally change gender.

It's also introducing hefty fines - in specific circumstances - for disclosing someone's prior registered name or gender without consent.

Previously, changing your registered gender required a doctor's certificate and the approval of a family court.

Now over-18s can change to male, female or diverse, a third gender option that already exists under German law.

Three months on from a request for such a change, applicants will then have to appear at a registry office in person.

You can also request that no details regarding your gender are registered at all.

The intentional and harmful disclosure of someone's prior name or legal gender could attract a fine of up to €10,000.

However, there are exceptions - for example if it's a legal requirement due to court proceedings or police investigations.

First names will need to represent the new legal gender - so a male entry requires a recognised male first name while a female entry requires a recognised female first name.

Fourteen- to 18-year-olds will need the consent of parents or legal guardians, while under-14s will need their parents or legal guardians to make the declaration.

No further change or reversion can be made within 12 months of an application being granted.

The law allows for those operating spaces - such as women's gyms and changing rooms - to still decide who has access to them.

Applications from male to female or to diverse, made less than two months prior to a national defence emergency, will be put on hold.

The new rules will come into effect on 1 November having been promised in the "traffic light" coalition agreement.

Chancellor Olaf Scholz said: "We show respect to trans, intersex and non-binary people - without taking anything away from others. This is how we continue to drive the modernisation of our country. This includes recognising realities of life and making them possible by law."

Nyke Slawik, from the Greens - who is transgender - said it was a "first step" towards a society which allows self-determination for trans people.

Conservatives and the far-right AfD were among those to speak out against the plans with warnings the legislation could be misused.

Concerns were also voiced about the impact on young people. "Minors, without proper consultation, could choose a path they might regret later on," said the CDU's Mareike Wulf.

The Self-Determination Act was passed with 374 ayes to 251 no's and 11 abstentions.

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Germany eases gender change rules

From: BBC

The German parliament has passed a law making it easier for citizens and residents to legally change gender.

德国议会通过了一项法律，为公民和居民合法变更性别提供了便利。

parliament /ˈpɑː.lɪ.mənt/ 表示“议会”，英文解释为“in some countries, the group of (usually) elected politicians or other people who make the laws for their country”

It's also introducing hefty fines - in specific circumstances - for disclosing someone's prior registered name or gender without consent.

该法还规定，在特定情况下，未经同意披露他人曾用名或性别将被处以高额罚款。

hefty /ˈhef.ti/ 表示“（尤指金钱）大量的，巨额的”，英文解释为“a hefty amount of something, especially money, is very large”如：a hefty fine 巨额罚款。

📍也可以指“高大健壮的；笨重的”（big and heavy），如：a tall hefty man 一个高大健壮的男人；以及“用力的，重重的”（a hefty blow, kick etc is done using a lot of force），如：a hefty shove 一记猛推。

fine /faɪn/ 作名词，表示“罚款，罚金”，英文解释为“an amount of money that has to be paid as a punishment for not obeying a rule or law”；作动词，表示“处…以罚款，处…以罚金”，英文解释为“to charge someone an amount of money as a punishment for not obeying a rule or law”举个🌰：Drivers who exceed the speed limit can expect to be fined heavily. 超速驾车的司机会被罚以重金。

disclose /dɪˈskləʊz/ 表示“公开，公布；透露，揭露”，英文解释为“to make something known publicly, or to show something that was hidden”举个🌰：The company has disclosed profits of over £200 million. 这家公司已公布其利润超过两亿英镑。

📍词根“dis-”表示“分开”，“close”意味着“关闭”，整体表示“打开关闭的东西”，即“揭露”或“透露”信息。近义词：reveal（揭示），同根词：disclosure（披露），常用短语：disclose information（透露信息）

register /ˈredʒ.ɪ.stər/ 1）熟词僻义，表示“显示（读数）；记录”，英文解释为“if a measuring instrument registers an amount or sth registers an amount on a measuring instrument, the instrument shows or records that amount”举个🌰：The thermometer registered 25°C. 温度计显示读数为25摄氏度。

2）我们常见的含义是“（尤指把姓名）登记，注册”，英文解释为“to put information, especially your name, into an official list or record”举个🌰：I registered the car in my name. 我把车登记在我的名下。

📍政府工作报告中经常会出现这个词，比如2020年报告Part 1中提到的：先进制造业、现代服务业较快增长。Advanced manufacturing and modern services registered rapid growth. 以及2018年报告Part 1中提到的：国内生产总值从54万亿元增加到82.7万亿元，年均增长7.1%，China's gross domestic product (GDP) has risen from 54 trillion to 82.7 trillion yuan, registering average annual growth of 7.1 percent; 都有“显示；指示；表达”的含义（to record, show, or express something）。

consent /kənˈsent/ 表示“同意；准许；允许”，英文解释为“permission to do sth, especially given by sb in authority”举个🌰：Children under 16 cannot give consent to medical treatment. 16岁以下的儿童不得自行同意接受治疗。

Previously, changing your registered gender required a doctor's certificate and the approval of a family court.

此前，改变登记性别需要医生证明和家庭法院的批准。

certificate /səˈtɪf.ɪ.kət/ 1）表示“证书；证明”，英文解释为“an official document that states that the information on it is true”如：a birth/marriage/death certificate 出生/结婚/死亡证明；

2）表示“成绩合格证书；毕业证书”，英文解释为“the qualification that you receive when you are successful in an exam”举个🌰：She has a Certificate in Drama Education. 她有戏剧教育资格证书。

Now over-18s can change to male, female or diverse, a third gender option that already exists under German law.

现在，年满18岁的人可更改为男性、女性或多元性别，这是德国法律中已有的第三种性别选择。

diverse /daɪˈvɜːs/ 表示“多种多样的，形形色色的”，英文解释为“including many different types of people or things”举个🌰：New York is a very culturally/ethnically diverse city. 纽约是一个在文化/种族方面具有多样性的城市。

option /ˈɒp.ʃən/ 1）表示“选择，选项；选择权”，英文解释为“one thing that can be chosen from a set of possibilities, or the freedom to make a choice”举个🌰：The best option would be to cancel the trip altogether. 最好的选择是彻底取消这次行程。

2）表示“期权；未来购买权”，英文解释为“the right to buy something in the future”如：a share/stock option 股票期权。

Three months on from a request for such a change, applicants will then have to appear at a registry office in person.

在提出此类变更申请三个月后，申请人必须亲自前往登记处办理。

applicant /ˈæp.lɪ.kənt/ 表示“申请人”，英文解释为“a person who formally requests something, especially a job, or to study at a college or university”举个🌰：How many applicants did you have for the job? 申请这个工作的有多少人？

registry /ˈredʒ.ɪ.stri/ 表示“登记处，注册处”，英文解释为“a place where official records are kept”如：a land/business registry 土地注册处/工商企业注册处。

You can also request that no details regarding your gender are registered at all.

申请人也可要求不登记任何性别信息。

The intentional and harmful disclosure of someone's prior name or legal gender could attract a fine of up to €10,000.

故意且恶意披露他人的曾用名或法定性别，可能面临高达10,000欧元的罚款。

intentional /ɪnˈten.ʃən.əl/ 表示“有意的，故意的”，英文解释为“planned or intended”举个🌰：Did you leave his name out by accident or was it intentional? 你漏掉了他的名字，是无意的还是有意的？

However, there are exceptions - for example if it's a legal requirement due to court proceedings or police investigations.

然而，如果因法庭诉讼或警方调查需要，披露这些信息仍然是合法的。

exception /ɪkˈsep.ʃən/ 表示“一般情况以外的人（或事物）；例外”，英文解释为“a person or thing that is not included in a general statement”举个🌰：Nobody had much money at the time and I was no exception. 那时候谁都没有很多钱，我也不例外。

📺美剧《绝望的主妇》（Desperate Housewives）中的台词提到：Rex and Bree Van de Kamp were no exception. 雷克斯和布里·范德坎普也不例外。

proceedings /prəˈsiː.dɪŋz/ 1）表示“一系列事件；一系列活动”，英文解释为“a series of events that happen in a planned and controlled way”举个🌰：Millions of people watched the proceedings on television. 数百万人通过电视观看了这一系列活动。

2）表示“诉讼”，英文解释为“legal action”举个🌰：I started legal proceedings to try to have him taken away from his parents permanently. 我提起诉讼，想把他从父母身边永远带走。

3）表示“会议记录”，英文解释为“a complete written record of what is said or done during a meeting”

First names will need to represent the new legal gender - so a male entry requires a recognised male first name while a female entry requires a recognised female first name.

申请变更的姓名必须与新的法定性别相符，即性别男性需要公认的男性名，性别女性则需公认的女性名。

1）表示“项目；条目；（一则）记录”，英文解释为“a separate piece of information that is recorded in a book, computer, etc.”举个🌰：They've updated a lot of the entries in the most recent edition of the encyclopedia. 在最新版百科全书中他们更新了很多条目。

2）表示“参赛作品；参赛答卷”，英文解释为“An entry for a competition is a piece of work, a story or drawing, or the answers to a set of questions, which you complete in order to take part in the competition.”

3）表示“登记；登录；录入”，英文解释为“the act of recording information in a computer, book, etc.”举个🌰：More keyboarding staff are required for data entry.需要更多的键盘录入人员来录入这些资料。

Fourteen- to 18-year-olds will need the consent of parents or legal guardians, while under-14s will need their parents or legal guardians to make the declaration.

14至18岁的青少年变更性别需要获得父母或法定监护人的同意。而14岁以下的儿童，则必须由父母或法定监护人代为申请。

No further change or reversion can be made within 12 months of an application being granted.

一旦变更申请获批，12个月内不得再次更改或撤销。

reversion /rɪˈvɜː.ʃən/ 表示“倒退；回复，回归”，英文解释为“a change back to a previous and often worse condition”

grant /ɡrɑːnt/ 作名词，浙大博士生和蜜橘商家的聊天记录火了文中，表示“（尤指政府为特殊目的给予个人或组织的）拨款，补助金”，英文解释为“an amount of money given especially by the government to a person or organization for a special purpose”如：a student/research grant 助学金/研究拨款，举个🌰：They'd got a special grant to encourage research 他们已得到了一笔用来支持研究的特别补助金。

作动词，表示“（通常指官方）同意，准予，授予”，英文解释为“to give or allow someone something, usually in an official way”举个🌰：They granted her an entry visa. 他们发给她入境签证。

The law allows for those operating spaces - such as women's gyms and changing rooms - to still decide who has access to them.

该法律允许特定场所（如女性健身房和更衣室）的运营者自行决定谁可以使用这些场地。

Applications from male to female or to diverse, made less than two months prior to a national defence emergency, will be put on hold.

在国防紧急情况发生前两个月内提出从男性转为女性或多元性别的申请将会暂停受理。

1）表示“不挂断电话等着”，英文解释为“If you are on hold when using the phone, you are waiting to speak to someone.”举个🌰：He's on the phone at the moment- can I put you on hold? 他的电话占线——您不要挂断电话，等一会儿可以吗？

2）表示“被推迟，被故意延迟”，英文解释为“If an activity is on hold, it has been intentionally delayed.”举个🌰：Everything's on hold again because of the bad weather. 因为天气恶劣，一切都再次推迟了。

The new rules will come into effect on 1 November having been promised in the "traffic light" coalition agreement.

根据德国三党联合组阁协议中的承诺，新规将于11月1日生效。

coalition /ˌkəʊəˈlɪʃən/ 表示“（不同政党或不同群体的人为特定目标而暂时形成的）联盟，同盟，联合体”，英文解释为“the joining together of different political parties or groups for a particular purpose, usually for a limited time, or a government that is formed in this way”

traffic light /ˈtræf.ɪk ˌlaɪt/ 表示“红绿灯，交通信号灯”，英文解释为“one of a set of red, yellow, and green lights that control the movement of vehicles, usually at a point where two or more roads join”举个🌰：The police pulled him over for failing to stop at a red traffic light. 他因为闯红灯被警察要求停靠路边。

📍在这个上下文中，"traffic light" coalition 是指德国由社会民主党（红色）、自由民主党（黄色）和绿党（绿色）组成的执政联盟。这些党派的颜色分别对应交通信号灯的红、黄、绿三色，因此得名“交通灯联盟”。

Chancellor Olaf Scholz said: "We show respect to trans, intersex and non-binary people - without taking anything away from others. This is how we continue to drive the modernisation of our country. This includes recognising realities of life and making them possible by law."

德国总理奥拉夫·朔尔茨（Olaf Scholz）说：“我们向跨性别者、双性人和非二元性别人士表示尊重，同时不剥夺其他人的权益。这就是我们继续推动国家现代化的方式。这包括承认生活现实，并通过法律使其成为可能。”

trans /trænz/ 表示“跨性别的”，英文解释为“used to describe someone who feels that they are not the same gender (= sex) as the physical body they was born with, or who does not fit easily into being either a male or a female”如：a trans woman/man 跨性别女子/男子。

📍trans- 前缀表示“穿越，横穿”，如：a transatlantic flight 横越大西洋的飞行

intersex /ˌɪn.təˈseks/ 表示“间性的，双性的；雌雄间体的”，英文解释为“having both male and female sex organs, or relating to this state”举个🌰：The clinic helps children born with intersex conditions. 该诊所为天生双性的孩童提供帮助。

binary /ˈbaɪ.nər.i/ 表示“双的；由两部分组成的”，英文解释为“consisting of two parts”，本身可以表示“二进制的”（The binary system expresses numbers using only the two digits 0 and 1. It is used especially in computing.）在计算机的世界里，处理的实际上都是0和1这两个数字。

此处non-binary就是表示“非二元性別的”，英文解释为“having a gender identity (= feeling of being a particular gender) that is not simply male or female”. 也被广泛称作Genderqueer（性别酷儿），用来指称那些超越传统意义上对男性或女性的二元划分、不单纯属于男性或女性的自我性别认同。

📍此前纽约时报的有一篇文章专门讲述了Nonbinary一词：“Washington, D.C., schools are the latest, with a small change on the public school enrollment form for next year that some members of the L.G.B.T.Q. community regard as a big step forward: The term “nonbinary,” which refers to people who do not identify exclusively as male or female, will be included as a gender choice.” “华盛顿特区的学校对明年的公立学校入学表格做出了一个小改动：“非二元性别的”——意指那些性别认同不单纯属于男性或女性的人，被加入到性别选择中。这是被一些L.G.B.T.Q.群体成员认为是一大进步的最新例子。”

Nyke Slawik, from the Greens - who is transgender - said it was a "first step" towards a society which allows self-determination for trans people.

来自绿党的跨性别者奈克·斯洛维克（Nyke Slawik）表示，这是迈向允许跨性别者自我决定社会的“第一步”。

Conservatives and the far-right AfD were among those to speak out against the plans with warnings the legislation could be misused.

保守党和极右翼德国选择党（AfD）等公开反对方警告称，这些立法可能遭滥用。

conservative /kənˈsɜː.və.tɪv/ 作名词，表示“保守党，保守派”，作形容词，表示“保守的；守旧的”，英文解释为“not usually liking or trusting change, especially sudden change”如：a conservative society/outlook 保守的社会/观念。

Conservative 表示“（英国）保守党的”，英文解释为“belonging to or supporting the British political party that traditionally supports business and opposes high taxes and government involvement in industry”如：the Conservative Party 保守党，Conservative policies 保守党奉行的政策。

legislation /ˌledʒ.ɪˈsleɪ.ʃən/ 表示“法律；立法”，英文解释为“a law or set of laws suggested by a government and made official by a parliament”举个🌰：The government has promised to introduce legislation to limit fuel emissions from cars. 政府许诺将通过立法来限制汽车尾气排放。

Concerns were also voiced about the impact on young people. "Minors, without proper consultation, could choose a path they might regret later on," said the CDU's Mareike Wulf.

也有人担心这会对年轻人产生影响。德国基督教民主联盟的马雷克·沃尔夫（Mareike Wulf）说：“未经充分咨询的情况下，未成年人可能会做出他们将来会后悔的决定。”

minor /ˈmaɪnə/ 1）表示“未成年人”，英文解释为“a person who is under the age at which you legally become an adult and are responsible for your actions”

2）表示“辅修科目；辅修课程”，英文解释为“a subject that you study at university in addition to your major”。

The Self-Determination Act was passed with 374 ayes to 251 no's and 11 abstentions.

《自决法》最终以374票赞成、251票反对、11票弃权获得通过。

aye /aɪ/ 表示“赞成票；投赞成票者”，英文解释为“a vote to support a suggestion, idea, law, etc., or a person who votes "yes"”举个🌰：The ayes have it (= the people who voted "yes" have won). 投赞成票者占多数。

no /nəʊ/ 复数形式noes，表示“投反对票者；反对票”，英文解释为“a vote against a suggestion, idea, law, etc., or a person who votes no”举个🌰：14 ayes to 169 noes - the noes have it (= have won). 14票赞成，169票反对——反对方胜出。

📍为什么文中没用noes，而是no's？这里的no's使用了撇号（apostrophe），通常用于形成复数形式或所有格，但在这里可能是为了保持格式一致性或避免混淆，使“no”这个单词在形式上看起来更符合特定的列举或统计格式。

出于几个原因：

- 风格和一致性：在某些情况下，文档、文章或报告的编写者可能会选择一种看起来更一致或美观的拼写方式。

- 避免混淆：noes这个形式在日常英语中不太常见，可能会被读者误解或误读。使用no's可能是为了确保清晰度和易读性，尤其是在需要快速理解信息的正式或政治文档中。

- 个人或出版风格：不同的出版物和作者可能有不同的风格指南或个人偏好。在某些情况下，使用no's可能简单地反映了特定组织或个人的语言习惯。

尽管noes是no的传统复数形式，但在实际应用中，特别是在非正式或较少面向公众的文档中，使用no's有时候更受欢迎，主要是因为它在视觉上更明显，更易于理解。

abstention /æbˈsten.ʃən/ 表示“弃权”，英文解释为“the fact of not voting in favour of or against someone or something”举个🌰：There were ten votes in favour, six against, and three abstentions. 10票赞成，6票反对，3票弃权。

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