郭有才是谁？

近日，山东菏泽网红@郭有才 火了。他靠翻唱《诺言》走红，5月10日-19日短短10天时间，粉丝数量从80万到突破1000万，并且还在持续增长中，甚至带火了已经很久不停靠客运列车的菏泽南站。

🤔️小作业：

1. What is the primary purpose of the third paragraph in the passage?

A) To provide examples that support the study's findings

B) To introduce the main hypothesis of the study

C) To compare different fields where fame is relevant

D) To criticize previous research on fame

A) Enduring  B) Fleeting

C) Unusual  D) Significant

无注释原文：

Only fifteen minutes of fame? Not so

From: Science Daily, March 28, 2013

True fame isn't fleeting. That's what a team of researchers led by Eran Shor from McGill University's Dept. of Sociology and Arnout van de Rijt of Stony Brook University conclude. They studied all the names mentioned in over 2,000 English-language newspapers from the U.S., Canada and the U.K. over a period of several decades. What they found was that, contrary to popular belief (and scholarly research up to now), the people who become truly famous stay famous for decades, and that this is the case whatever field they are in, including sports and politics.

Talent, resources or chance events may propel an individual into the spotlight. But once someone becomes truly famous, they tend to stay that way. Temporary celebrity is highly unusual and is to be found primarily in the bottom tiers of the fame hierarchy, such as when people like whistle blowers become famous for a limited time for participating in particular events.

③This is even true of entertainment, where it might appear that fame is likely to be most ephemeral. For example, in a random sample of 100,000 names appearing in the entertainment sections of newspapers during the period 2004-2009, the ten names that appeared most frequently were Jamie Foxx, Bill Murray, Natalie Portman, Tommy Lee Jones, Naomi Watts, Howard Hughes, Phil Spector, John Malkovich, Adrien Brody, and Steve Buscemi. All have been celebrated for at least a decade and all are still much talked about today.

It's a finding that goes against most of the scholarly research until now. "There is almost a consensus among scholars in the field of the sociology of fame that most fame is ephemeral," says Prof. Shor. "What we've shown here that is truly revolutionary is that the people who you and I would consider famous, even the Kim Kardashians of this world, stay famous for a long time. It doesn't come and go."

Indeed, the annual turnover in the group of famous names is very low. Ninety-six percent of those whose names were mentioned over 100 times in the newspapers in a given year were already in the news at least three years before. The authors point out that this can be explained by the fact that both media and audiences are trapped in a self-reinforcing equilibrium where they must continue to devote attention, airtime and newspaper space to the same old characters because everyone else does so as well.

In general, big names follow career-type patterns of growth, sustenance and gradual decay over the course of decades. Van de Rijt explains: "As with all sociological regularities, our claim is not absolute. We can all think of examples of both types, fleeting and long-term fame. Leonard Cohen is still well known today, over forty years after he first became famous. But Chesley Sullenberger, the pilot who received instant fame after safely landing a disabled plane on the Hudson, is a name that will likely be forgotten pretty quickly. What we have shown is that Leonard Cohen is the rule and Chesley Sullenberger the exception."

The researchers acknowledge that there is further work to be done with data from blogs, television, and video sharing sites like YouTube to see whether the same patterns hold true for those vehicles.

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Only fifteen minutes of fame? Not so

From: Science Daily, March 28, 2013

True fame isn't fleeting. That's what a team of researchers led by Eran Shor from McGill University's Dept. of Sociology and Arnout van de Rijt of Stony Brook University conclude. They studied all the names mentioned in over 2,000 English-language newspapers from the U.S., Canada and the U.K. over a period of several decades. What they found was that, contrary to popular belief (and scholarly research up to now), the people who become truly famous stay famous for decades, and that this is the case whatever field they are in, including sports and politics.

真正的成名不会转瞬即逝。这是麦吉尔大学（McGill University）社会学系的埃兰·肖尔（Eran Shor）和石溪大学（Stony Brook University）的阿尔诺·范·德·里特（Arnout van de Rijt）带领的研究团队得出的结论。他们研究了数十年来在美国、加拿大和英国的2000多家英文报纸中提到的所有名字。研究人员发现，与人们的普遍看法（以及迄今为止的学术研究）相反，真正成名的人可以保持数十年之久，而且无论是哪个领域，包括体育和政治，都是如此。

fleeting /ˈfliː.tɪŋ/ 表示“短暂的；迅速的”，英文解释为“short or quick”如：a fleeting glimpse 迅速的一瞥。

sociology /ˌsəʊ.siˈɒl.ə.dʒi/ 表示“社会学，社会关系研究”，英文解释为“the study of the relationships between people living in groups, especially in industrial societies”

Talent, resources or chance events may propel an individual into the spotlight. But once someone becomes truly famous, they tend to stay that way. Temporary celebrity is highly unusual and is to be found primarily in the bottom tiers of the fame hierarchy, such as when people like whistle blowers become famous for a limited time for participating in particular events.

天赋、资源或偶然事件可能会将一个人推到聚光灯下。但是一旦某人真正成名，他们往往会一直保持这种状态。一时成名是非常罕见的，主要出现在名望等级的底层，比如像告密者这样的人，因参与特定事件而在有限的时间内成名。

propel /prəˈpel/ 表示“推动；驱动；推进”，英文解释为“To propel something in a particular direction means to cause it to move in that direction.”举个🌰：The tiny rocket is attached to the spacecraft and is designed to propel it toward Mars. 微型火箭附在宇宙飞船上，用来推进飞船飞向火星。The film propelled him to international stardom. 这部电影使他成为了国际巨星。

spotlight /ˈspɒt.laɪt/ 1）作名词，除了聚光灯，还可以表示“媒体和公众的注意”，英文解释为“attention from newspapers, television and the public”举个🌰：The issue is once again in the spotlight. 该问题再次受到人们的关注。

2）作动词，表示“特别关注，突出报道（以使公众注意）”，英文解释为“to give special attention to a problem, situation, etc. so that people notice it”举个🌰：The programme spotlights problems in the health service. 节目突出报道了公共医疗机构的问题。

📺动画片《鲍勃汉堡店》（Bob's Burgers）中的台词提到：You couldn't share the spotlight with Francis, could you? 你无法忍受弗兰西斯抢你风头是吧？

tier /tɪər/ 表示“（多层、多层次中的）一层”，英文解释为“one of several layers or levels”举个🌰：We sat in one of the upper tiers of the football stands. 我们坐在足球场看台的上层位置。

📍top-tier 表示“一流的；水平最高的，质量最好的”，英文解释为“of the highest level or quality”，如：a top-tier medical school 一所一流的医学院。

hierarchy /ˈhaɪə.rɑː.ki/ 表示“等级制度；层次”，英文解释为“a system in which people or things are arranged according to their importance”举个🌰：Some monkeys have a very complex social hierarchy. 有些猴群中出现了非常复杂的种群等级。

whistle-blower /ˈwɪs.əlˌbləʊ.ər/ 表示“告发者，揭发者”，英文解释为“a person who tells someone in authority about something illegal that is happening, especially in a government department or a company”

This is even true of entertainment, where it might appear that fame is likely to be most ephemeral. For example, in a random sample of 100,000 names appearing in the entertainment sections of newspapers during the period 2004-2009, the ten names that appeared most frequently were Jamie Foxx, Bill Murray, Natalie Portman, Tommy Lee Jones, Naomi Watts, Howard Hughes, Phil Spector, John Malkovich, Adrien Brody, and Steve Buscemi. All have been celebrated for at least a decade and all are still much talked about today.

即使在娱乐圈，这一结论也适用。尽管在娱乐圈，名气似乎最容易消逝。例如，在2004年至2009年期间，随机抽取的10万个出现在报纸娱乐版面的名字中，出现频率最高的十个名字是杰米·福克斯、比尔·默瑞、娜塔莉·波特曼、汤米·李·琼斯、娜奥米·沃茨、霍华德·休斯、菲尔·斯佩克特、约翰·马尔科维奇、阿德里安·布罗迪和史蒂夫·布西密。这些人至少在十年前就都已成名，至今仍被人们津津乐道。

ephemeral /ɪˈfɛmərəl/表示“短暂的；瞬间的”，英文解释为“If you describe something as ephemeral, you mean that it lasts only for a short time. ”举个🌰：Fashion is by nature ephemeral. 从本质上说，时尚不过是一时的潮流。

random /ˈræn.dəm/ 表示“任意的；随机的；胡乱的”，英文解释为“happening, done, or chosen by chance rather than according to a plan”如：random checks/tests/attacks 随机检查/随机测试/胡乱攻击。

sample /ˈsɑːm.pəl/ 作名词，表示“（用于检验、分析的）样本，试样”，英文解释为“A sample of a substance is a small amount of it that is examined and analysed scientifically.”举个🌰：They took samples of my blood. 他们采了我的血样。

作动词，1）表示“尝，品尝”，英文解释为“to taste a small amount of food or drink to decide if you like it”举个🌰：As the food looked so good, he decided to sample a little from each dish. 这些食物看起来很诱人，于是他决定每样菜都尝一点儿。

2）表示“（常指初次）体验，尝试”，英文解释为“to experience a place or an activity, often for the first time”举个🌰：So you're going to sample the delights/pleasures of the new restaurant? 那么你要去体验一下在那家新餐馆就餐的乐趣了？

It's a finding that goes against most of the scholarly research until now. "There is almost a consensus among scholars in the field of the sociology of fame that most fame is ephemeral," says Prof. Shor. "What we've shown here that is truly revolutionary is that the people who you and I would consider famous, even the Kim Kardashians of this world, stay famous for a long time. It doesn't come and go."

这一发现与迄今为止的大多数学术研究相悖。“名声社会学领域的学者几乎达成共识，即大多数成名都是短暂的，”肖尔教授说。“我们在这里展示的真正具有革命性意义的是，你我眼中成名的人，甚至是金·卡戴珊这样的人，都能保持很长时间的知名度，名气不会来去匆匆。”

consensus /kənˈsen.səs/ 表示“一致的意见；共识”，英文解释为“a generally accepted opinion or decision among a group of people”举个🌰：The general consensus in the office is that he can't do his job. 办公室成员一致认为他无法胜任工作。

📍这个词来自拉丁语“consensus”，意味着“共同感觉”或“一致同意”。近义词：agreement（协议），同根词：consent（同意），常用短语：build consensus（建立共识）

revolutionary /ˌrev.əˈluː.ʃən.ər.i/ 表示“革命性的；彻底变革的；巨变的”，英文解释为“involved in or relating to a revolution；involving a great or complete change”

Indeed, the annual turnover in the group of famous names is very low. Ninety-six percent of those whose names were mentioned over 100 times in the newspapers in a given year were already in the news at least three years before. The authors point out that this can be explained by the fact that both media and audiences are trapped in a self-reinforcing equilibrium where they must continue to devote attention, airtime and newspaper space to the same old characters because everyone else does so as well.

事实上，知名人士的年更替率非常低。在某一年报纸上被提到100次以上的人中，有96%的人至少三年前就已经出现在新闻中。作者指出，这可以用这样一个事实来解释，即媒体和受众都陷入了一种自我强化的平衡状态，他们必须继续把注意力、时间和报纸版面分配给那些老面孔，因为其他所有人也是如此。

turnover /ˈtɜːnˌəʊ.vər/ 1）表示“（一定时期内的）营业额，成交量”，英文解释为“the amount of business that a company does in a period of time”举个🌰：Large supermarkets have high turnovers (= their goods sell very quickly). 大型超市的货品销售量很大。

2）表示“人事变更率；人员调整率”，英文解释为“the rate at which employees leave a company and are replaced by other people” 如：a high turnover of staff很高的人员变更率

equilibrium /ˌek.wɪˈlɪb.ri.əm/ 1）表示“平衡；均衡”，英文解释为“a state of balance”举个🌰：The disease destroys much of the inner ear, disturbing the animal's equilibrium. 这种疾病破坏动物内耳的大部分组织，妨碍其保持均衡。

2）表示“（心情或情绪的）平静，安宁；心理平衡”，英文解释为“a calm mental state”举个🌰：Yoga is said to restore one's inner equilibrium. 据说练瑜伽可以使人恢复内心的平静。

In general, big names follow career-type patterns of growth, sustenance and gradual decay over the course of decades. Van de Rijt explains: "As with all sociological regularities, our claim is not absolute. We can all think of examples of both types, fleeting and long-term fame. Leonard Cohen is still well known today, over forty years after he first became famous. But Chesley Sullenberger, the pilot who received instant fame after safely landing a disabled plane on the Hudson, is a name that will likely be forgotten pretty quickly. What we have shown is that Leonard Cohen is the rule and Chesley Sullenberger the exception."

一般来说，名人的名气在几十年的时间里会经历增长、维持和逐渐衰落的职业生涯模式。范·德·里特解释说：“与所有社会学规律一样，我们的结论并不是绝对的。我们都能想到名气昙花一现以及长期成名的例子。莱昂纳德·科恩（Leonard Cohen）在成名四十多年后的今天仍然广为人知。但是切斯利·萨伦伯格（Chesley Sullenberger），这位在哈德逊河上成功迫降失事飞机的飞行员，他的名字可能会很快被遗忘。我们的研究表明，莱昂纳德·科恩是常态，而切斯利·萨伦伯格是例外。”

big name /ˌbɪɡ ˈneɪm/ 表示“名人；重要人物”，英文解释为“a famous or important person”举个🌰：Are there any big names in the movie? 这部电影里有大明星吗？

sustenance /ˈsʌs.tən.əns/ 1）表示“食物”，英文解释为“food”举个🌰：During this freezing weather, the food put out by householders is the only form of sustenance that the birds have. 在这种严寒的天气里，住户们放在外面的食物成了鸟儿们唯一的粮食。

2）表示“营养”，英文解释为“the ability of food to provide people and animals with what they need to make them strong and healthy”举个🌰：A stick of celery does not provide much sustenance. 一把芹菜提供不了多少营养。

3）表示“支持，支撑；维持；保持”，英文解释为“emotional or mental support”举个🌰：When her husband died, she drew sustenance from/she found sustenance in her religious beliefs. 丈夫死后，她从宗教信仰上寻求精神寄托。

decay /dɪˈkeɪ/ 表示“（放射性物质的）衰变”，英文解释为“the process by which a radioactive substance changes to a different form, producing radiation”或者表示“腐蚀；衰败，衰弱”，英文解释为“the process of decaying”如：environmental/industrial/moral/urban decay 环境恶化/工业衰退/道德沦丧/城市衰落。

exception /ɪkˈsep.ʃən/ 表示“一般情况以外的人（或事物）；例外”，英文解释为“a person or thing that is not included in a general statement”举个🌰：Nobody had much money at the time and I was no exception. 那时候谁都没有很多钱，我也不例外。

📺美剧《绝望的主妇》（Desperate Housewives）中的台词提到：Rex and Bree Van de Kamp were no exception. 雷克斯和布里·范德坎普也不例外。

The researchers acknowledge that there is further work to be done with data from blogs, television, and video sharing sites like YouTube to see whether the same patterns hold true for those vehicles.

研究人员承认，还需要进一步研究博客、电视和YouTube等视频分享网站的数据，以了解这些载体是否也有同样的模式。

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