你怎么看朋友圈点赞现象

今年高考语文北京卷有一个微写作题目是：微信朋友圈有“点赞”功能。有人关注“点赞”数量，有人热衷于给人“点赞”……对“点赞”现象，你有什么看法？请说明你的观点和理由。要求：观点明确，言之有理。不超过150字。

🤔️小作业：

1. According to the article, what did the researchers analyze to understand social media engagement?

A. The number of hours people spend on their smartphones.

B. The types of content people post on social media.

C. Over one million posts from over 4,000 people.

D. The impact of social media on relationship development.

A. They believe social media is inherently addictive.

B. They are uncertain and suggest other motivations for social media use.

C. They think social media is beneficial for self-expression.

D. They believe that social media has no impact on daily life.

无注释原文：

How Social Media Makes Us Act Like Lab Rats, Pressing Buttons For Rewards

From: IFLScience

It's estimated that around one in four young people have a problematic relationship with their smartphone, chasing “likes” and spending hours hooked to their screens like a moth to a flame. According to a new study, this compulsive effect of social media on humans is extremely similar to a lab rat pushing buttons for food. 

Scientists at New York University have shown how social media engagement – especially users' efforts to gain likes – is driven by basic reward learning behavior. While the motives behind this behavior in humans can undoubtedly be complex, it essentially follows the same simple pattern of behavior seen in many species when seeking rewards.

Perhaps most clearly, it's reminiscent of lab rats placed in a Skinner box: press the correct button to receive a treat, eat, feel good, repeat. The more treats they get, the more they press the buttons.

"These results establish that social media engagement follows basic, cross-species principles of reward learning," Professor David Amodio, study author from the New York University and the University of Amsterdam, said in a statement. "These findings may help us understand why social media comes to dominate daily life for many people and provide clues, borrowed from research on reward learning and addiction, to how troubling online engagement may be addressed."

The study was recently reported in the journal Nature Communications.

For the study, the researchers started by analyzing over one million posts from over 4,000 people on Instagram and other social media platforms. By looking at the frequency of posts, they found that people entered a rhythm of posting that maximizes how many "likes" they receive on average – i.e. posting more often in response to a high number of likes and less frequently when they receive fewer likes. This, the researchers argue, could be considered a form of reward maximization. This is a phenomenon seen in animals seeking food which explains how behavior is driven and reinforced by rewards.

To dig deeper into this question, the team gathered 176 people to take part in an online experiment where they posted memes and received likes on an Instagram-like platform. Once again, they discovered that people posted more the more successful their posts were, another example of basic reward learning behavior similar to that in animals looking for snacks.

The researchers were hesitant to say whether this study affirms the addictive properties of social media, arguing there could be a number of other motivations to post on social media in addition to reward-seeking, such as self-expression to relationship development. Nevertheless, an increasing number of people are engaging in social media and smartphone use that could be described as addictive and problematic.

Earlier this month, scientists at King's College London released a study that looked at over 1,000 young people in the UK and concluded that nearly 40 percent displayed some degree of smartphone addiction. Paired with this, those with smartphone addiction were more likely to experience poor sleep.

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

含注释全文：

How Social Media Makes Us Act Like Lab Rats, Pressing Buttons For Rewards

From: IFLScience

It's estimated that around one in four young people have a problematic relationship with their smartphone, chasing “likes” and spending hours hooked to their screens like a moth to a flame. According to a new study, this compulsive effect of social media on humans is extremely similar to a lab rat pushing buttons for food. 

据估计，大约四分之一的年轻人对智能手机存在依赖问题，他们渴望获得“点赞”，像飞蛾扑火般长时间盯着屏幕。根据一项新研究，社交媒体对人类的这种强迫性影响与实验鼠按按钮获取食物的行为极为相似。

like /laɪk/ 表示“（在社交媒体上）点赞”，英文解释为“(on a page on a social networking website) an act of showing that you think something is good by clicking a button”举个🌰：My new profile picture got 10 likes. 我的新头像得到了10个赞。

hook /hʊk/ 作名词，表示“钩子，挂钩”，英文解释为“a curved device used for catching or holding things, especially one attached to a surface for hanging things on”如：a coat/picture hook 挂衣钩/挂画的钩子。

作动词，表示“（用钩子）固定，挂，钩住”，英文解释为“to fasten something with a hook, hang something on a hook, or catch something with a hook”举个🌰：He hooked the trailer (= joined it with a hook) to his car. 他把拖车挂在自己的汽车上。

moth /mɒθ/ 表示“蛾，飞蛾”，英文解释为“an insect with wings that is similar to a butterfly, usually flies at night, and is attracted to light”举个🌰：Some types of moth eat holes in clothes. 某些种类的飞蛾会蛀蚀衣物。

flame /fleɪm/作名词 1）表示“火焰；火舌”，英文解释为“a stream of hot, burning gas from something on fire”举个🌰：The flames grew larger as the fire spread. 火势蔓延，火焰越来越高。

2）表示“强烈的感情；激情”，英文解释为“a powerful feeling”举个🌰：Flames of passion swept through both of them. 他们俩一时间激情澎湃。

📍大S与具俊晔官宣结婚文中提到，old flame 表示“旧情人，老相好”，英文解释为“a person that you loved or had a sexual relationship with in the past”

flame /fleɪm/ 作动词，熟词僻义，表示“发送愤怒（或无礼）的电子邮件”，英文解释为“to send an angry or insulting email”举个🌰：Please don't flame me if you disagree with this message. 如果您不同意此邮件的内容，也请不要给我发送恶意回信。

📍在网络和游戏社区中，flame这个词经常被用作一个动词，表示对某人发表侮辱性或恶意的评论，或者发表不友好或攻击性的言论。如何跟路人解释Uzi加入EDG文中提到：These include accusations that he used alternate accounts to flame teammate Zhao 'Jiejie' Lijie and defend himself on social media. 其中包括指控他使用其他账号在社交媒体上抨击队友赵礼杰（游戏ID：Jiejie）并为自己辩护。

区分：

📍defame 表示“诋毁，中伤，败坏…的名誉”，英文解释为“to damage the reputation of a person or group by saying or writing bad things about them that are not true”举个🌰：He claimed the editorial had defamed him. 他声称那篇社论损害了他的名誉。

compulsive /kəmˈpʌl.sɪv/ 表示“难以抑制的；强烈冲动引起的；强迫性的；强制性的”，英文解释为“doing something a lot and unable to stop doing it”如：a compulsive liar/thief/eater 撒谎成性的人/惯偷/饮食无节制的人。

另一个含义是形容电影、戏、体育项目、书等“引人入胜的，欲罢不能的”，英文解释为“If a film, play, sports event, book, etc. is compulsive, it is so interesting or exciting that you do not want to stop watching or reading it.”举个🌰：Her latest book is compulsive reading/a compulsive read. 她的新书让人难以释卷。

Scientists at New York University have shown how social media engagement – especially users' efforts to gain likes – is driven by basic reward learning behavior. While the motives behind this behavior in humans can undoubtedly be complex, it essentially follows the same simple pattern of behavior seen in many species when seeking rewards.

纽约大学的科学家们已表明，社交媒体上的互动——尤其是用户为获得“点赞”所做的努力——是由基本奖励学习行为驱动的。虽然人类这种行为背后的动机无疑是复杂的，但它本质上遵循了许多物种在寻求奖励时的简单行为模式。

engagement /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ.mənt/ 1）表示“订婚”，英文解释为“an agreement to marry someone”如：an engagement party 订婚宴会。

2）表示“约定；约会；预约”，英文解释为“an arrangement to meet someone or do something at a particular time”如：a dinner engagement 晚餐预约，举个🌰：I'm afraid I have a previous/prior engagement (= another arrangement already made). 对不起，我已经有约了。

3）表示“交战，交火；战斗”，英文解释为“the act of beginning to fight someone, or a period of time in a war”

4）表示“参加，从事”，英文解释为“the fact of being involved with something”

5）表示“对社交媒体的参与或互动，包括发布内容、点赞、评论、分享等行为”，英文解释为“the process of people looking at and reacting to particular information online, for example a particular company's social media posts”

species /ˈspiː.ʃiːz/ 表示“（动植物的）种，物种”，英文解释为“a set of animals or plants in which the members have similar characteristics to each other and can breed with each other”举个🌰：Mountain gorillas are an endangered species. 山地大猩猩属于濒危物种。

Perhaps most clearly, it's reminiscent of lab rats placed in a Skinner box: press the correct button to receive a treat, eat, feel good, repeat. The more treats they get, the more they press the buttons.

也许最明显的是，这让人联想到被关在斯金纳箱里的实验鼠：按下正确的按钮就能获得食物奖励，吃了食物后感觉良好，然后重复这个过程。它们获得的奖励越多，按下按钮的次数就越多。

reminiscent /ˌrem.ɪˈnɪs.ənt/ 表示“令人想起的；使人想起…的；使人回忆起…的”，英文解释为“If you say that one thing is reminiscent of another, you mean that it reminds you of it.”举个🌰：The way he laughed was strongly reminiscent of his father. 他笑的样子让人很容易想起他的父亲。

🎬电影《六天》（6 days）中的台词提到：In scenes more reminiscent of north Ireland, 此场景更让人想起北爱尔兰或美国，

"These results establish that social media engagement follows basic, cross-species principles of reward learning," Professor David Amodio, study author from the New York University and the University of Amsterdam, said in a statement. "These findings may help us understand why social media comes to dominate daily life for many people and provide clues, borrowed from research on reward learning and addiction, to how troubling online engagement may be addressed."

“这些结果表明，社交媒体互动遵循基本的、跨物种的奖励学习原则，”纽约大学和阿姆斯特丹大学的戴维·阿莫迪奥（David Amodio）教授在声明中说。“这些发现可能有助于我们理解为何社交媒体会主导许多人的日常生活，并从奖励学习和成瘾研究中借鉴解决沉迷社交媒体问题的线索。”

dominate /ˈdɒm.ɪ.neɪt/ 表示“占支配地位；占主导地位；拥有优势；最明显的”，英文解释为“To dominate a situation means to be the most powerful or important person or thing in it.”举个🌰：The book is expected to dominate the best-seller lists. 这本书预期将居畅销书榜首。

The study was recently reported in the journal Nature Communications.

这项研究最近发表在《自然通讯》（Nature Communications）杂志上。

For the study, the researchers started by analyzing over one million posts from over 4,000 people on Instagram and other social media platforms. By looking at the frequency of posts, they found that people entered a rhythm of posting that maximizes how many "likes" they receive on average – i.e. posting more often in response to a high number of likes and less frequently when they receive fewer likes. This, the researchers argue, could be considered a form of reward maximization. This is a phenomenon seen in animals seeking food which explains how behavior is driven and reinforced by rewards.

在这项研究中，研究人员首先分析了Instagram和其他社交媒体平台上4000多人的100多万条帖子。通过观察发布频率，研究人员发现人们会根据点赞数量调整发帖节奏——即在获得大量点赞时更频繁地发布，而在获得较少点赞时则减少发布。研究人员认为，这可以被视为一种奖励最大化的形式。这种现象在动物寻找食物时也能观察到，它解释了行为是如何受到奖励驱动和强化的。

post /pəʊst/ 1）作名词，表示“职位，职务”，英文解释为“a job in a company or organization”举个🌰：Teaching posts are advertised in Tuesday's edition of the paper. 星期二的报纸上有招聘教师的广告。

📍二〇二一年新年贺词中提到“顽强不屈的坚守”时，原句：holding posts with tenacity. 其中posts指的是岗位，（坚守）岗位。

📍二〇二三年新年贺词中提到：广大干部群众特别是医务人员、基层工作者不畏艰辛、勇毅坚守。Officials and the general public, particularly medical professionals and community workers, have bravely stuck to their posts through it all.

2）此外，经常在网上冲浪的就比较熟悉，post除了作名词，表示“网站上公布的信息；帖子”，英文解释为“something such as a message or picture that you publish on a website or using social media”，也可以作动词，表示“（在网站上）公布，发布（信息）；发（帖）”，英文解释为“to publish something such as a message or picture on a website or using social media”举个🌰：Lots of friends have commented on my post. 很多小伙伴给我的帖子评论了。

3）作动词，表示“发布，公布，宣布（尤指财经信息或警告）”，英文解释为“to announce sth publicly or officially, especially financial information or a warning”举个🌰：The oil company posted profits of $25.1 billion. 石油公司公布利润为251亿美元。

rhythm /ˈrɪðəm/ 1）表示“（尤指自然界中的）规则变化，规律，节律”，英文解释为“a regular pattern of change, especially one that happens in nature”如：the rhythm of the seasons 四季的交替。

2）表示“（音乐、诗歌和舞蹈的）节奏，韵律，节律”，英文解释为“a strong pattern of sounds, words, or musical notes that is used in music, poetry, and dancing”举个🌰：He beat out a jazz rhythm on the drums. 他击出爵士乐节奏的鼓点。

maximize /ˈmæk.sɪ.maɪz/ 表示“使最大化；使最重要”，英文解释为“to make something as great in amount, size, or importance as possible”举个🌰：Some airlines have cancelled less popular routes in an effort to maximize profits. 一些航空公司取消了不太受欢迎的航线以使利润最大化。

reinforce /ˌriː.ɪnˈfɔːs/ 1）表示“加强；充实；使更强烈；进一步证实（观点、看法等）”，英文解释为“to make a feeling, an idea, etc. stronger”举个🌰：Such jokes tend to reinforce racial stereotypes. 这样的笑话容易渲染种族偏见。

2）表示“加固；使更结实”，英文解释为“to make a structure or material stronger, especially by adding another material to it”举个🌰：All buildings are now reinforced to withstand earthquakes. 所有建筑现都已加固，以抗地震。

To dig deeper into this question, the team gathered 176 people to take part in an online experiment where they posted memes and received likes on an Instagram-like platform. Once again, they discovered that people posted more the more successful their posts were, another example of basic reward learning behavior similar to that in animals looking for snacks.

为了深入探讨这个问题，研究团队召集了176人参加在线实验，让他们在类似Instagram的平台上发布段子以获得点赞。研究人员再次发现，帖子越受欢迎，人们发布的就越多，这又是一个基本奖励学习行为的例子，类似于动物寻找食物的行为。

meme /ˈmiːm/ 是指在同一个文化氛围中，人与人之间传播的思想、行为或者风格，音译为媒母、米姆、谜米、弥母，又名模因、拟子等。其实「meme」指的就是在网上迅速传播，流行起来的一些概念（或图像、视频等）等东西，可以直接解释成我们常说「梗」、「段子」、「表情包」，词典中定义为：a type of behaviour that is passed from one member of a group to another, not in the genesbut by another means such as people copying it；举个🌰：Take a look at the top ten internet memes for this past year. 看一下去年互联网上的十大梗。

The researchers were hesitant to say whether this study affirms the addictive properties of social media, arguing there could be a number of other motivations to post on social media in addition to reward-seeking, such as self-expression to relationship development. Nevertheless, an increasing number of people are engaging in social media and smartphone use that could be described as addictive and problematic.

对于这项研究是否证实了社交媒体的成瘾特性，研究人员持谨慎态度，他们认为，除了寻求奖励之外，人们在社交媒体上发帖还有很多其他动机，比如自我表达、关系发展等。尽管如此，越来越多的人在使用社交媒体和智能手机时可能会上瘾并产生依赖。

hesitant /ˈhez.ɪ.tənt/ 表示“犹豫的，踌躇的”，英文解释为“If you are hesitant, you do not do something immediately or quickly because you are nervous or not certain.”举个🌰：You seemed a bit hesitant about recommending that restaurant - is something wrong with it? 你似乎不是很愿意推荐那家餐厅——它有什么问题吗？

affirm /əˈfɜːm/ 1）表示“证实；确认；断言”，英文解释为“to state something as true”举个🌰：The suspect affirmed (that) he had been at home all evening. 犯罪嫌疑人声称他整个晚上都呆在家中。

2）表示“（公开）声明”，英文解释为“to publicly show your support for an opinion or idea”

property /ˈprɒp.ə.ti/ 1）表示“属性，性能，特性”，英文解释为“a quality in a substance or material, especially one that means that it can be used in a particular way”举个🌰：One of the properties of copper is that it conducts heat and electricity very well. 铜的特性之一是导热导电能力强。

2）表示“房产，地产，房地产”，英文解释为“a building or area of land, or both together”举个🌰：He owns a number of properties on the south coast. 他在南部海滨拥有几处房产。

3）表示“所有物；财产；资产”，英文解释为“an object or objects that belong to someone”举个🌰：The club does not accept responsibility for loss of or damage to club members' personal property. 该俱乐部不承担会员个人财产丢失或损坏的责任。

Earlier this month, scientists at King's College London released a study that looked at over 1,000 young people in the UK and concluded that nearly 40 percent displayed some degree of smartphone addiction. Paired with this, those with smartphone addiction were more likely to experience poor sleep.

本月早些时候，伦敦国王学院的科学家们发布了一项研究，他们对英国的1000多名年轻人进行了调查，得出的结论是，近40%的人有一定程度的智能手机成瘾症。与此同时，那些智能手机成瘾的人更有可能出现睡眠质量不佳问题。

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