衬衫的价格还是九磅十五便士吗？

今天，全国多数省份的高考迎来收官。

关于高考英语听力，你能听懂多少呢？先来感受一下2024年上海高考英语听力部分。

🤔️小作业：

1. Based on the passage, why might digital field observations be biased towards certain organisms?

A) Because digital observations are primarily recorded by professional scientists

B) Because citizen scientists often document only the species they find interesting or attractive

C) Because digital observations are limited to specific geographic regions

D) Because the technology used for digital observations is still under development

A) The advantages of using physical specimens over digital observations

B) The digital field observation collection methods

C) The role of observational biodiversity data in modern biodiversity research

D) Thebiases and limitations in both specimen and observational biodiversity data

以下材料为网传2024年新高考I卷英语阅读D篇题源文章（较真题内容有所删改）。

无注释原文：

Comparison of specimens and field observations reveals biases in biodiversity data

From: Stanford Report, May 1st, 2023

In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have assembled billions of records. Most records either come from physical specimens in a museum or digital field observations, but both are useful for detecting shifts in the number and abundance of species in an area. However, a new Stanford study has found that both record types are flawed, and the degree to which they are riddled with coverage gaps and biases depends on the kind of dataset.

Back in Charles Darwin's day, and up until relatively recently, naturalists recorded the species present in an area by collecting and preserving samples of the plants, insects, fish, birds, and other animals in a region for museums and educational collections. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, GPS coordinates, and other digital records with no corresponding physical sample of the organism they represent in a museum or herbarium.

"With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application," said Barnabas Daru, assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.

For example, if someone spots an attractive butterfly or plant, they can easily document it by taking a photo and uploading it to a biodiversity app with details such as the species' name, location, date, and time. This information becomes a valuable field observation.

"These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens," said Daru, who is lead author of the study, published May 1 in Nature Ecology & Evolution. "And since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are these data usable?"

While other studies have explored global coverage and biases in biodiversity data, this is the first known global assessment of coverage gaps and biases in specimen versus observational records across multiple dimensions.

A digital museum

Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of terrestrial plants, butterflies, amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals, Daru and co-author Jordan Rodriguez, tested how well each type of data captures actual global biodiversity patterns across taxonomic, geographic, temporal, and functional trait axes.

"We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to capture a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it," said Rodriguez, a University of Oregon graduate student who started collaborating with Daru at Texas A&M-Corpus Christi as an undergraduate.

For instance, to test coverage of actual biodiversity patterns in taxonomic space, they overlayed grids of different sizes (50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 km) across a digital map of the world. Within each grid cell, and for each family (e.g., ducks, geese, and waterfowl are one bird "family"), they assessed the number of documented species compared to the expected number of species for that region or family based on expert opinion.

Their study revealed that the superabundance of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions (North America and Europe), time periods, and organisms.

This makes sense because the people who capture observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording serendipitous encounters with species in areas nearby, such as roadsides, hiking trails, community parks, and neighborhoods.

Observational data are also biased toward certain organisms with attractive or eye-catching features.

"People trample on ants all the time, but if an elephant were to stroll down the street, everyone would want to know what was going on," said Daru.

In contrast, collectors of preserved specimens are often trained professionals who gather samples of plants, animals, and other organisms in remote and wilderness areas as part of their jobs.（节选）

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Comparison of specimens and field observations reveals biases in biodiversity data

From: Stanford Report, May 1st, 2023

In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have assembled billions of records. Most records either come from physical specimens in a museum or digital field observations, but both are useful for detecting shifts in the number and abundance of species in an area. However, a new Stanford study has found that both record types are flawed, and the degree to which they are riddled with coverage gaps and biases depends on the kind of dataset.

在记录地球上物种灭绝前的竞赛中，研究人员和公民科学家已经收集了数十亿条记录。大多数记录要么来自博物馆中的实物标本，要么来自数字化的实地观察，这两者都有助于监测某地区物种数量和丰度的变化。然而，斯坦福大学的一项新研究发现，这两种记录类型都存在缺陷，它们所存在的覆盖缺口和偏差程度取决于数据集的类型。

species /ˈspiː.ʃiːz/ 表示“（动植物的）种，物种”，英文解释为“a set of animals or plants in which the members have similar characteristics to each other and can breed with each other”举个🌰：Mountain gorillas are an endangered species. 山地大猩猩属于濒危物种。

extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/ 表示“灭绝的；绝种的；消失的”，英文解释为“not now existing”举个🌰：There is concern that the giant panda will soon become extinct. 有人担心大熊猫不久就会灭绝。

assemble /əˈsembl/ 1）表示“集合，聚集；收集”，英文解释为“to come together in a single place or bring parts together in a single group”举个🌰：We assembled in the meeting room after lunch. 午饭后我们在会议室集合。

2）表示“组装；装配”，英文解释为“to make something by joining separate parts”如：furniture that is easy to assemble 易于组装的家具。

abundance /əˈbʌn.dəns/ 表示“大量；充足；丰富”，英文解释为“the situation in which there is more than enough of something”举个🌰：an abundance of There was an abundance of food at the wedding. 婚礼上食品丰富。

specimen /ˈspes.ə.mɪn/ 表示“（用于测试或检验的）样品，样本；标本”，英文解释为“a small amount or piece that is taken from something, so that it can be tested or examined”如：a blood specimen 血样。

flawed /flɔːd/ 表示“有瑕疵的；有错误的；有缺点的”，英文解释为“not perfect, or containing mistakes”举个🌰：Diamonds are still valuable, even when they are flawed. 钻石即使有瑕疵，也仍然很贵重。

be riddled with sth 表示“满是…；充斥…”，英文解释为“If a plan or system, etc. is riddled with bad features, such as mistakes, it is full of them.”举个🌰：This article is riddled with errors. 这篇文章错误百出。

coverage /ˈkʌv.ər.ɪdʒ/ 1）表示“新闻报道”，英文解释为“the reporting of news and sport in newspapers and on the radio and television”，如：media/newspaper/press coverage 媒体/报纸/报刊的报道。

2）表示“（书、课程学习、电视等的）信息范围，信息质量”，英文解释为“the range or quality of information that is included in a book or course of study, on television, etc.”如：magazines with extensive coverage of diet and health topics 包含大量饮食与健康话题的杂志。

3）表示“提供的数量；覆盖范围”，英文解释为“the amount of sth that sth provides; the amount or way that sth covers an area”

4）表示“保险（范围）”，英文解释为“financial protection so that you get money if something bad happens”举个🌰：They have a national program that provides health/medical coverage for every citizen. 他们有一个全国性的项目，为每一位公民提供健康/医疗保险。

bias /ˈbaɪ.əs/ 表示“偏见；偏心；偏向”，英文解释为“a strong feeling in favour of or against one group of people, or one side in an argument, often not based on fair judgement”举个🌰：Employers must consider all candidates impartially and without bias. 雇主必须公平而毫无成见地考虑所有求职者。

Back in Charles Darwin's day, and up until relatively recently, naturalists recorded the species present in an area by collecting and preserving samples of the plants, insects, fish, birds, and other animals in a region for museums and educational collections. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, GPS coordinates, and other digital records with no corresponding physical sample of the organism they represent in a museum or herbarium.

从查尔斯·达尔文（Charles Darwin）时代到不久前，自然学家们通过收集和保存某地区的植物、昆虫、鱼类、鸟类和其他动物样本，来记录该地区的物种，供博物馆和教育机构收藏。如今，生物多样性的大多数记录通常采用照片、视频、GPS坐标等数字化记录的形式，而博物馆或标本馆中却没有与之相对应的生物实物样本。

preserve /prɪˈzɜːv/ 表示“保护，维护；保留；保养”，英文解释为“to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying or being damaged or destroyed”如：to preserve the environment 保护环境。

biodiversity /ˌbaɪ.əʊ.daɪˈvɜː.sə.ti/ 表示“生物多样性”，英文解释为“the number and types of plants and animals that exist in a particular area or in the world generally, or the problem of protecting this”如：a new National Biological Survey to protect species habitat and biodiversity 旨在保护物种栖息地和生物多样性的一项新的全国生态普查。

coordinate /kəʊˈɔː.dɪ.neɪt/ 作动词，表示“协调；使相配合”，英文解释为“to make many different things work effectively as a whole”举个🌰：We need someone to coordinate the whole campaign. 我们需要有个人来协调整个活动。

作名词，表示“坐标”，英文解释为“one of a pair of numbers and/or letters that show the exact position of a point on a map or graph”

organism /ˈɔː.ɡən.ɪ.zəm/ 表示“生物体；有机体；微生物”，英文解释为“a single living plant, animal, virus, etc.”举个🌰：Amoebae and bacteria are single-celled organisms. 变形虫和细菌是单细胞生物。

herbarium /hɜːˈbeə.ri.əm/ 表示“植物标本集”，英文解释为“a collection of dried plants”举个🌰：A herbarium will contain thousands of sheets of dated, pressed plants. 一套植物标本集可能收藏数千株标注好日期、压制过的植物。

"With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application," said Barnabas Daru, assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.

斯坦福大学人文与科学学院生物学助理教授巴纳巴斯·达鲁（Barnabas Daru）说：“随着技术的兴起，借助移动应用程序（App）人们很容易观察到不同的物种。”

For example, if someone spots an attractive butterfly or plant, they can easily document it by taking a photo and uploading it to a biodiversity app with details such as the species' name, location, date, and time. This information becomes a valuable field observation.

例如，如果有人发现了漂亮的蝴蝶或植物，他们可以很容易地拍照记录下来，并将照片上传到生物多样性App，并附上物种名称、地点、日期和时间等详细信息。这些信息将成为宝贵的实地观察资料。

"These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens," said Daru, who is lead author of the study, published May 1 in Nature Ecology & Evolution. "And since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are these data usable?"

“现在，这些观察记录的数量超过了来自实物标本的主要数据，”该研究的第一作者达鲁说，该研究于5月1日发表在《自然生态与进化》（Nature Ecology & Evolution）杂志上。“既然我们越来越多地利用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我就想知道：这些数据有用吗？”

outnumber /ˌaʊtˈnʌm.bər/ 表示“在数量上超过，比…多”，英文解释为“to be greater in number than someone or something”

primary /ˈpraɪ.mər.i/ 1）表示“首要的；主要的”，英文解释为“more important than anything else; main”举个🌰：The Red Cross's primary concern is to preserve and protect human life. 红十字会最关心的是维护人的生命安全。

2）表示“最初的，起源的，原始的”，英文解释为“happening first”如：the primary stages of development 发展的最初阶段。

3）熟词僻义，primary可以直接表示“（美国）初选”，或者说primary election，英文解释为“(in the US) an election in which people in a particular area vote to choose a candidate for a future important election”如：the Illinois primary 伊利诺伊州的初选。

While other studies have explored global coverage and biases in biodiversity data, this is the first known global assessment of coverage gaps and biases in specimen versus observational records across multiple dimensions.

虽然其他研究已经探讨了生物多样性数据的全球覆盖和偏差，但这是已知的首次对标本与观察记录在多个维度上的覆盖缺口和偏差程度进行全球评估。

versus /ˈvɜːsəs/ 经常看到缩写vs，vs.或者是单单一个v，就是指的versus，表示“（比较两种不同想法、选择等）与…相对，与…相比”，英文解释为“used to compare two different ideas, choices, etc.”如：private education versus state education 私立教育与公共教育相比，举个🌰：It is France versus Brazil in the final. 决赛是法国队对巴西队。

dimension /ˌdaɪˈmen.ʃən/ 表示“层面，维度；特点”，英文解释为“a part or feature or way of considering something”举个🌰：His personality has several dimensions. 他是个有多重性格的人。

A digital museum 数字博物馆

Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of terrestrial plants, butterflies, amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals, Daru and co-author Jordan Rodriguez, tested how well each type of data captures actual global biodiversity patterns across taxonomic, geographic, temporal, and functional trait axes.

达鲁和共同作者乔丹·罗德里格斯（Jordan Rodriguez）利用包含19亿条陆生植物、蝴蝶、两栖动物、鸟类、爬行动物和哺乳动物记录的全球数据集，测试了每种类型的数据在分类、地理、时间和功能性状轴上捕获全球生物多样性实际模式的能力。

terrestrial /təˈres.tri.əl/ 1）表示“地球的；与地球有关的”，英文解释为“relating to the earth”

2）表示“（动物）陆生的，陆栖的”，英文解释为“(of animals) living on the land rather than in the water or air”

3）表示“（电视频道）陆地上的，地面上的（与卫星相对而言）”，英文解释为“Terrestrial television channels are broadcast from stations on the ground and do not use satellites.”

taxonomic /ˌtæk.səˈnɒm.ɪk/ 表示“分类学的”，英文解释为“relating to a system for naming and organizing things, especially plants and animals, into groups that have similar qualities”如：a taxonomic group/system 分类组/系统。

geographical /ˌdʒi.əˈɡræf.ɪ.kəl/ 表示“地理的；地理学的”，英文解释为“relating to geography, or to the geography of a particular area or place”如：a geographical region 地理区域。

temporal /ˈtem.pər.əl/ 1）表示“世间的，世俗的，现世的”，英文解释为“relating to practical matters or physical things, rather than spiritual ones”

2）表示“时间的”，英文解释为“connected with or limited by time”如：a universe which has spatial and temporal dimensions 有时空维度的宇宙。

axis的复数，axis /ˈæk.sɪs/ 1）表示“轴（线）；中心线”，英文解释为“a real or imaginary straight line going through the centre of an object that is spinning, or a line that divides a symmetrical shape into two equal halves”举个🌰：The earth revolves around the axis that joins the North and South Poles. 地球围绕贯穿南北两极的地轴自转。

2）表示“参考轴线，基准线，坐标线”，英文解释为“a fixed line on a graph used to show the position of a point”

"We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to capture a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it," said Rodriguez, a University of Oregon graduate student who started collaborating with Daru at Texas A&M-Corpus Christi as an undergraduate.

“我们特别感兴趣的是研究那些容易导致数据偏差的采样因素，例如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物，而不是旁边的草丛，”俄勒冈大学（University of Oregon）的研究生罗德里格斯（Rodriguez）说，他在得克萨斯农工大学柯柏斯克里斯提分校（Texas A&M-Corpus Christi）读本科时就参与达鲁的研究工作。

For instance, to test coverage of actual biodiversity patterns in taxonomic space, they overlayed grids of different sizes (50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 km) across a digital map of the world. Within each grid cell, and for each family (e.g., ducks, geese, and waterfowl are one bird "family"), they assessed the number of documented species compared to the expected number of species for that region or family based on expert opinion.

例如，为了测试分类空间中生物多样性实际模式的覆盖情况，他们在世界数字地图上叠加了不同大小的网格（50、100、200、400、800和1600公里）。在每个网格单元内，针对每个科（例如，鸭、鹅和水禽属于同一鸟类“科”），他们评估了已记录的物种数量，并将其与根据专家意见预计的该地区或该科应有的物种数量进行比较。

overlay /ˌəʊ.vəˈleɪ/ 表示“在…上铺（或盖、涂）；覆盖，包，铺，镀”，英文解释为“to cover something with a layer of something”举个🌰：The tiny carvings were overlaid with silver. 这些尺寸极小的雕刻品上贴了一层银。

📍be overlaid with sth 表示“掺杂着，交织着；撒满，遮掩”，英文解释为“Something that is overlaid with something has a particular quality added to it that influences its character.”举个🌰：The place was overlaid with memories of his childhood. 这个地方处处都装点着他童年的回忆。

grid /ɡrɪd/ 作名词，1）表示“网格，方格；格栅，格子”，英文解释为“a pattern or structure made from horizontal and vertical lines crossing each other to form squares”举个🌰：A metal grid had been placed over the hole to prevent people from falling in. 在洞口铺了一个铁格栅，以免有人跌入。

2）表示“电力网，输电网”，英文解释为“a system of wires through which electricity is connected to different power stations across a region”如：the national grid 全国输电网。

Their study revealed that the superabundance of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions (North America and Europe), time periods, and organisms.

他们的研究表明，大量的观察记录并没有带来更好的全球覆盖情况。此外，这些数据存在偏差，偏向某些地区（北美和欧洲）、时间段和生物。

superabundance /ˌsuː.pər.əˈbʌn.dəns/ 表示“大量，（尤指）超级丰富”，英文解释为“a very large amount of something, especially more than is needed or usual”举个🌰：The country has a superabundance of natural resources. 这个国家拥有超级丰富的自然资源。

英式 favour  美式 favor /ˈfeɪ.vər/ 作动词，表示“优惠；偏袒；特别照顾”，英文解释为“to give an advantage to someone or something, in an unfair way”举个🌰：A strong wind will favour the bigger boats. 强风对大船有利。

作名词，1）表示“特别照顾，优惠；偏袒”，英文解释为“an advantage that you give to someone, such as money or a good job, especially when this is unfair”举个🌰：Several politicians were accused of dispensing favours to people who voted for them. 几名政客被指责向投票支持他们的人提供好处。

2）表示“赞同；较喜欢”，英文解释为“to support or prefer one particular possibility”举个🌰：These are the running shoes favoured by marathon runners. 这些是马拉松选手喜爱的跑鞋。

This makes sense because the people who capture observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording serendipitous encounters with species in areas nearby, such as roadsides, hiking trails, community parks, and neighborhoods.

这很合理，因为用移动设备捕获生物多样性观察数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们在路边、徒步路线、社区公园和社区等附近区域记录偶然遇到的物种。

serendipitous /ˌser.ənˈdɪp.ɪ.təs/ 表示“偶然的”，英文解释为“happening or found by chance”举个🌰：A team of researchers has made a serendipitous discovery that could help in the struggle to cure obesity. 一个研究小组取得了一个偶然的发现，可能有助于治疗肥胖症。

trail /treɪl/ 作名词则表示“小路，小径”，如：a forest/mountain trail 林间/山间小道，以及“臭迹；踪迹；痕迹；蛛丝马迹，线索”等意思（the smell or series of marks left by a person, animal, or thing as it moves along；various pieces of information that together show where someone you are searching for has gone）举个🌰：The dogs are trained to follow the trail left by the fox. 这些狗经过特别的训练，能够追踪狐狸留下的气味。

作动词，表示“（比赛中）落后，失败”，英文解释为“to be losing to your competitor in a competition”举个🌰：The Canadian team is trailing by six points. 加拿大队落后了6分。

Observational data are also biased toward certain organisms with attractive or eye-catching features.

观察数据还偏向于某些具有吸引力或醒目特征的生物。

"People trample on ants all the time, but if an elephant were to stroll down the street, everyone would want to know what was going on," said Daru.

达鲁说：“人们总是会踩死蚂蚁，但如果一头大象在街上漫步，每个人都会想知道发生了什么。”

trample /ˈtræm.pəl/ 1）表示“踩，践踏”，英文解释为“to step heavily on something or someone, causing damage or injury”举个🌰：Somebody trampled all over my flowerbeds! 有人把我的花坛全部踩坏了！

2）表示“侵犯，无视（尊严）”，英文解释为“to act without any respect for someone or something”

stroll /strəʊl/ 表示“散步，漫步，闲逛，溜达”，英文解释为“to walk in a slow, relaxed manner, especially for pleasure”举个🌰：We could stroll along the beach after dinner. 晚饭后我们可以去海滩散散步。

In contrast, collectors of preserved specimens are often trained professionals who gather samples of plants, animals, and other organisms in remote and wilderness areas as part of their jobs.

相比之下，保存标本的采集者通常是训练有素的专业人士，他们在偏远和荒野地区采集植物、动物和其他生物样本是他们工作的一部分。

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