英语还值不值得作为专业学四年

今天，还是高考志愿填报问题。选什么专业比较吃香？AI时代，英语还值不值得作为专业学四年？

🤔️小作业：

1. According to the passage, what is a key concern about relying on AI tools for language translation?

A) AI tools are expensive and not accessible to everyone.

B) AI translations are often inaccurate and misleading.

B) AI tools might reduce the motivation to learn foreign languages.

D) AI tools require constant internet access to function properly.

A) To challenge themselves and enjoy the process of learning.

B) To improve their job prospects in the global market.

C) To travel more comfortably without relying on translation apps.

D) To reduce their dependence on technology.

A) The practical utility of being multilingual in business.

B) The social and relational aspects of direct communication.

C) The cognitive benefits of language learning.

D) The historical significance of language preservation.

无注释原文：

AI could make it less necessary to learn foreign languages

From: The Economist

On holiday, many will find themselves in places where they do not speak the language. Once upon a time, they might have carried a phrasebook. The rise of English has made that less necessary. But most people—at least seven of the world's eight billion—still do not speak English. That leaves options like pantomime, a willingness to be surprised by what arrives at dinner—or, increasingly, technology.

More and more people are using simple, free tools, not only to decode text but also to speak. With these apps' conversation mode, you talk into a phone and a spoken translation is heard moments later; the app can also listen for another language and produce a translation in yours.

You may still get a surprise or two. Google Translate may be the best-known name in machine translation, but it often blunders. Take “my wife is gluten-free,” the kind of thing you might say at a restaurant abroad. In French or Italian, Google Translate renders this as “my wife is without gluten”—true to the words rather than the meaning. DeepL, a rival, does better, offering various options, most of them along the correct lines.

The best tool may not be a translation app at all. Though not marketed for the purpose, ChatGPT, a generative AI system that churns out prose according to users' prompts, is multilingual. Rather than entering an exact text to translate, users can tell ChatGPT to “write a message in Spanish to a waiter that my wife and I would like the tasting menu, but that she is gluten-free, so we would like substitutions for anything that has gluten.” And out pops a perfect paragraph, including the way Spanish-speakers actually say “my wife is gluten-free”: mi esposa es celíaca. It is a paraphrase rather than a translation, more like having a native-speaking dinner companion than an automated interpreter.

Travel has long been a motivator for study—unless people start to feel AI tools offer a good-enough service. Some are concerned that apps are turning language acquisition into a dwindling pursuit. Douglas Hofstadter, a polyglot and polymath writer, has argued that something profound will vanish when people talk through machines. He describes giving a halting, difficult speech in Mandarin, which required a lot of work but offered a sense of accomplishment at the end. Who would boast of taking a helicopter to the top of Mount Everest?

Others are less worried. Most people do not move abroad or have the kind of sustained contact with a foreign culture that requires them to put in the work to become fluent. Nor do most people learn languages for the purpose of humanising themselves or training their brains. On their holiday, they just want a beer and the spaghetti carbonara without incident (and sometimes without gluten).

As AI translation becomes an even more popular labour-saving tool, people will split into two groups. There will be those who want to stretch their minds, immerse themselves in other cultures or force their thinking into new pathways. This lot will still take on language study, often aided by technology. Others will look at learning a new language with a mix of admiration and puzzlement, as they might with extreme endurance sports: “Good for you, if that's your thing, but a bit painful for my taste.”

This is largely an Anglophone problem, since native English-speakers miss out on the benefits of language-learning most acutely. In many countries, including Britain and America, schools' and universities' foreign-language departments have been closing. (The British government recently devoted a modest fund to trying to get more secondary-school pupils to study foreign languages.) In the rest of the rich world, there is one thriving language that people still study: English. And in poorer countries, many people are multilingual as a matter of course; Africans and Indians learn languages because they are surrounded by them.

But a focus on the learner alone misses the fundamentally social nature of language. It is a bit like analysing the benefits of close relationships to heart-health but overlooking the inherent value of those bonds themselves. When you try to ask directions in broken Japanese or mangle a joke in halting German, you are making direct contact with someone. And when you speak a language well enough to tell a story with perfect timing or put subtle shading on an argument, that connection is more profound still. The best relationships do not require an intermediary.

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

含注释全文：

AI could make it less necessary to learn foreign languages

From: The Economist

On holiday, many will find themselves in places where they do not speak the language. Once upon a time, they might have carried a phrasebook. The rise of English has made that less necessary. But most people—at least seven of the world's eight billion—still do not speak English. That leaves options like pantomime, a willingness to be surprised by what arrives at dinner—or, increasingly, technology.

度假时，许多人会发现自己身处语言不通的地方。以前，他们可能会随身携带一本常用语手册。随着英语的普及，这种做法已不再必要。但大多数人——全世界80亿人中至少有70亿人——仍然不会说英语。这时，手势比划、期待上菜时的惊喜，或是日益依赖科技，就成为了沟通的主要手段。

phrase book /ˈfreɪz ˌbʊk/ 表示“（供游客使用的）常用语手册”，英文解释为“a small book containing helpful groups of sentences and words in a particular foreign language, intended for use by travellers”如：a Spanish phrase book 西班牙语常用语手册。

option /ˈɒp.ʃən/ 1）表示“选择，选项；选择权”，英文解释为“one thing that can be chosen from a set of possibilities, or the freedom to make a choice”举个🌰：The best option would be to cancel the trip altogether. 最好的选择是彻底取消这次行程。

2）表示“期权；未来购买权”，英文解释为“the right to buy something in the future”如：a share/stock option 股票期权。

pantomime /ˈpæn.tə.maɪm/ 表示“哑剧；默剧”英文解释为“the use of movement and the expression of your face to communicate sth or to tell a story”

More and more people are using simple, free tools, not only to decode text but also to speak. With these apps' conversation mode, you talk into a phone and a spoken translation is heard moments later; the app can also listen for another language and produce a translation in yours.

现在，越来越多的人使用简单、免费的工具，不仅能翻译文字，还能语音交流。通过这些应用程序的对话模式，你对着手机说话，几秒钟后就能听到语音结果；这些应用程序还能听取另一种语言，并翻译成你的语言。

decode /diːˈkəʊd/ 1）表示“解码，解读，解译”英文解释“if a computer decodes data , it receives it and changes it into a form that can be used by the computer or understood by a person.”举个🌰：Decoding the paintings is not difficult once you know what the component parts symbolize. 一旦明白了画中各部分的象征意义，也就不难搞清楚这幅画的含义了。

2）表示“正确理解（外语单词或短语）”，英文解释为“to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way”举个🌰：Grammatical information helps learners to decode sentences. 语法信息有助于学习者正确理解句子的含义。

You may still get a surprise or two. Google Translate may be the best-known name in machine translation, but it often blunders. Take “my wife is gluten-free,” the kind of thing you might say at a restaurant abroad. In French or Italian, Google Translate renders this as “my wife is without gluten”—true to the words rather than the meaning. DeepL, a rival, does better, offering various options, most of them along the correct lines.

尽管如此，你可能仍会遇到一些意外。谷歌翻译（Google Translate）可能是机器翻译中最知名的，但它经常出错。就拿“my wife is gluten-free”（我的妻子不吃含麸质的食品）来说吧，你可能会在国外餐馆说这句话。在法语或意大利语中，谷歌翻译会将这句话翻译成“my wife is without gluten”（我的妻子不含麸质）——虽然字面翻译正确，但意思有偏差。谷歌翻译竞品DeepL做得更好，提供了多个可选翻译结果，其中大部分是正确的。

blunder /ˈblʌn.dər/ 作名词，表示“（通常由于粗心或欠考虑而酿成的）大错；愚蠢错误，疏忽”，英文解释为“a serious mistake, usually caused by not taking care or thinking”举个🌰：I made a blunder by getting his name wrong. 我一疏忽，弄错了他的名字。

作动词，1）表示“跌跌撞撞地走，踉踉跄跄地走”，英文解释为“to move in an awkward way”举个🌰：I could hear him blundering around in the darkness. 我能听见他在黑暗中踉踉跄跄地四处乱撞。

2）表示“酿成大错，犯大错”，英文解释为“to make a serious mistake, usually because of not taking care or thinking”举个🌰：Police blundered by not releasing more details about the case to focus public interest. 警方因没有提供更多的详细案情以引起公众的关注而酿成了大错。

gluten-free /ˌɡluː.tənˈfriː/ 表示“无麸质的”，英文解释为“containing no gluten (= a protein contained in wheat and some other grains)”如：a gluten-free diet 无麸质饮食，举个🌰：Gluten-free bread can be found in most large supermarkets. 在大多数大型超市都能找到无麸质面包。

render /ˈren.dər/ 1）此前，在「经济学人」翻译的出路在哪里？这篇文章中出现过，render表示“翻译，把...译成...”，通常用法为render sth into English/Russian/Chinese etc，将sth译成英语/俄语/汉语等，举个🌰：She is rendering the book into English from French. 她正在把这本书从法语译成英语。

2）表示“（以某种方式）表达；表现”，英文解释为“to express or present something in a particular way”，如：a sculpture rendered in bronze 一尊青铜雕像；

3）表示“使成为；使变得；使处于某种状态”，英文解释为“to cause someone or something to be in a particular state”举个🌰：His rudeness rendered me speechless. 他的粗暴无礼让我无言以对。

4）还可以指“给予，提供”，英文解释为“to give something to someone or do something, because it is your duty or because someone expects you to”如：an obligation to render assistance to those in need 为有困难的人提供援助的义务，举个🌰：We see that freight railroads make good profits while rendering excellent service. 我们看到铁路货运公司在提供优质服务的同时也赢得了丰厚的利润。

5）还还还可以表示“粉刷；给（墙壁）抹灰（或水泥）”，英文解释为“to put a first layer of plaster or cement on a wall.”

rival /ˈraɪ.vəl/ 作名词，表示“竞争对手；敌手”，英文解释为“a person, group, etc. competing with others for the same thing or in the same area”

作动词，表示“可与…相媲美，比得上”，英文解释为“to be as good, clever, beautiful, etc. as someone or something else”举个🌰：No computer can rival a human brain for/in complexity. 没有任何计算机比得上人脑复杂。

The best tool may not be a translation app at all. Though not marketed for the purpose, ChatGPT, a generative AI system that churns out prose according to users' prompts, is multilingual. Rather than entering an exact text to translate, users can tell ChatGPT to “write a message in Spanish to a waiter that my wife and I would like the tasting menu, but that she is gluten-free, so we would like substitutions for anything that has gluten.” And out pops a perfect paragraph, including the way Spanish-speakers actually say “my wife is gluten-free”: mi esposa es celíaca. It is a paraphrase rather than a translation, more like having a native-speaking dinner companion than an automated interpreter.

最好的工具可能根本不是翻译应用程序。尽管ChatGPT并不是为了这个目的而推向市场的，但它是一种根据用户提示词生成文本的生成式人工智能系统，支持多语言功能。用户可以告诉ChatGPT：“用西班牙语怎么跟服务员说，我和我妻子想要品尝套餐（tasting menu），但我妻子不吃含麸质的食品，所以我们想要替换掉含麸质的东西。”而不需要输入准确的文本进行翻译。然后就跳出地道的段落，其中包括西班牙语中真正的表达方式：mi esposa es celíaca。这是一种转述而非翻译，更像是有了一个说母语的饭搭子，而不是自动翻译工具。

Out pops a perfect paragraph. 倒装结构，用于强调动作或描述一种戏剧性的效果。正常的语序应该是A perfect paragraph pops out.

generative /ˈdʒen.ər.ə.tɪv/ 表示“有生产能力的；能生成的”，英文解释为“able to produce or create something”如：the generative power of the mind 大脑的生成能力。

📍ChatGPT全名就是：Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer.

📍词根“gen-”来自拉丁语“generare”，表示“产生”，后缀“-ative”表示形容词，即“有产生作用的”。想象生成式AI能够基于现有数据创造新内容。近义词：productive（生产的），同根词：generate（生成），常用短语：generative model（生成模型）

churn sth out 表示“快速大量生产，大量炮制，艰苦地做出”，英文解释为“To churn out something means to produce large quantities of it very quickly.”举个🌰：He began to churn out literary compositions in English. 他开始用英文很快地创作出大量的文学作品。

prose /prəʊz/ 表示“散文；白话文；平淡乏味的文章（或话语，表达法）”，英文解释为“written language in its ordinary form rather than poetry”举个🌰：I've always preferred reading prose to poetry. 我一直更偏爱读散文而不是诗歌。

prompt /prɒmpt/ 作名词，1）表示“（计算机屏幕上的）提示符（显示计算机已经准备好接受指令）”，英文解释为“a sign on a computer screen that shows that the computer is ready to receive your instructions”

📍在ChatGPT火热的今天，prompt通常指的是给模型的输入，用来激发或引导模型生成特定的输出或回答。简而言之，prompt是指用户提供给语言模型的一段文字或命令，以便模型据此理解用户的需求并给出相应的响应或信息。例如，在与像ChatGPT这样的大语言模型交互时，用户提出的问题或指令就是一个“prompt”。模型会根据这个prompt的内容分析、处理并生成回答或执行相关的任务。Prompt对于大语言模型来说是非常关键的，因为它直接决定了模型如何理解和回应用户的需求。

📍prompt中文里有译为“提示词”，prompt engineering 就是“提示工程/提示词工程”。

2）表示“（给演员的）提词，提白”，英文解释为“words that are spoken to an actor who has forgotten what he or she is going to say during the performance of a play”

3）作动词，表示“促使；导致；激起”，英文解释为“to make sb decide to do sth; to cause sth to happen”举个🌰：His speech prompted an angry outburst from a man in the crowd. 他的讲话激起了人群中一男子的愤怒。

📺美剧《斯巴达克斯：血与沙》（Spartacus: Blood and Sand）中的台词提到：One cannot but wonder what would prompt such an act 不知他们为何遭此不幸。

4）作动词，表示“（尤指）给（演员）提词”，英文解释为“to help someone, especially an actor, to remember what they were going to say or do”举个🌰：I forgot my line and had to be prompted. 我忘词了，只好让人提词。

multilingual /ˌmʌl.tiˈlɪŋ.ɡwəl/ 表示“使用多种语言的；用多种语言表达的”，英文解释为“(of people or groups) able to use more than two languages for communication, or (of a thing) written or spoken in more than two different languages”如：a multilingual online dictionary 多语在线词典。

tasting menu /ˈteɪ.stɪŋ ˌmen.juː/ 表示“（就餐者可以品尝到多道菜肴的）品尝菜单”，英文解释为“in some restaurants, a meal that consists of many different dishes, usually for a fixed price, and often chosen to show the skill of the chef (= cook)”举个🌰：The four-course tasting menu at lunch is $50 while the five-course dinner tasting menu costs $75. 午餐时候四道菜的品尝菜单是50美元，但晚餐时候五道菜的品尝菜单是75美元。

substitution /ˌsʌb.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/ 表示“置换，替换，换人”，英文解释为“the use of one person or thing instead of another”举个🌰：It looks as though the coach is going to make a substitution (= change one player for another in the game). 教练似乎要换人。

paraphrase /ˈpær.ə.freɪz/ 表示“（以幽默或更简短、清晰的方式）意译，解释，改述”，英文解释为“to repeat something written or spoken using different words, often in a humorous form or in a simpler and shorter form that makes the original meaning clearer”

Travel has long been a motivator for study—unless people start to feel AI tools offer a good-enough service. Some are concerned that apps are turning language acquisition into a dwindling pursuit. Douglas Hofstadter, a polyglot and polymath writer, has argued that something profound will vanish when people talk through machines. He describes giving a halting, difficult speech in Mandarin, which required a lot of work but offered a sense of accomplishment at the end. Who would boast of taking a helicopter to the top of Mount Everest?

长期以来，旅行一直是学语言的动力，除非人们开始觉得AI工具提供的服务已经足够好。一些人担心，应用程序正在使语言学习变得逐渐冷淡。通晓多种语言、博学作家道格拉斯·霍夫施塔特（Douglas Hofstadter）认为，当人们通过机器交流时，一些深刻的东西将会消失。他描述了自己用普通话进行的一次磕磕绊绊、困难重重的演讲，虽然需要付出很多努力，但在结束时却带来了成就感。谁会吹嘘自己乘坐直升机登上了珠穆朗玛峰的顶峰？

acquisition /ˌæk.wɪˈzɪʃ.ən/ 名词，1）表示“获得”，英文解释为“the process of getting something”举个🌰：The acquisition of huge amounts of data has helped our research enormously. 获得的大量数据对我们的研究有莫大的帮助。

2）表示“收购”，英文解释为“If a company or business person makes an acquisition, they buy another company or part of a company.”举个🌰：They have made acquisitions in several EU countries. 他们在几个欧盟国家购买了一些产业。

🎬电影《美国队长2：冬日战士》（Captain America: The Winter Soldier）中的台词提到：The prevailing theory was that the hijacking was a cover for the acquisition and sale of classified intelligence. 大部分人的看法是劫持事件只是在掩盖机密情报的交易。

dwindling /ˈdwɪn.dəl.ɪŋ/ 表示“缩减的；逐渐减少的”，英文解释为“gradually becoming smaller in size or amount, or fewer in number”举个🌰：We are dealing with dwindling resources and aging buildings. 我们正在处理资源缩减和建筑老化（的问题）。

polyglot /ˈpɒl.i.ɡlɒt/ 表示“精通多种语言的，多种语言混合的”，英文解释为“speaking or using several different languages”举个🌰：She was reading a polyglot bible, with the text in English, Latin and Greek. 她在看一本多种文字对照的《圣经》，经文由英语、拉丁语和希腊语写成。

polymath /ˈpɒl.i.mæθ/ 作形容词，表示“博学的”，作名词，表示“博学的人”，英文解释为“a person who knows a lot about many different subjects”

vanish /ˈvæn.ɪʃ/ 表示“（尤指突然）消失，灭绝”，英文解释为“to disappear or stop being present or existing, especially in a sudden, surprising way”举个🌰：The child vanished while on her way home from school. 那个小女孩在放学回家的路上不见了。

halting /ˈhɒl.tɪŋ/ 表示“（尤指讲话或动作因紧张而）结结巴巴的，断断续续的”，英文解释为“stopping often while you are saying or doing something, especially because you are nervous”举个🌰：He spoke quietly, in halting English. 他用结结巴巴的英语小声说。

boast /bəʊst/ 1）表示“拥有（值得自豪的东西）”，英文解释为“to have or own something to be proud of”举个🌰：Hangzhou boasts beautiful lakes, great restaurants, and friendly locals. 杭州拥有美丽的湖、很棒的餐馆和友好的当地人。

2）表示“自吹自擂，吹嘘，夸耀”，英文解释为“to speak too proudly or happily about what you have done or what you own”举个🌰：He didn't talk about his exam results in case people thought he was boasting. 他没有谈论自己的考试成绩，以免让别人以为他在自我吹嘘。

Others are less worried. Most people do not move abroad or have the kind of sustained contact with a foreign culture that requires them to put in the work to become fluent. Nor do most people learn languages for the purpose of humanising themselves or training their brains. On their holiday, they just want a beer and the spaghetti carbonara without incident (and sometimes without gluten).

其他人则不那么担心。大多数人不会移居国外，也不会持续接触外国文化以至于需要努力使自己的语言变得流利。大多数人学习语言也不是为了提升自我修养或训练大脑。在假期里，他们只想喝杯啤酒，顺顺利利地吃一顿意大利面（有时还要求不含麸质）。

sustained /səˈsteɪnd/ 1）表示“持续的，持久的”，英文解释为“continuing for a long time”举个🌰：His speech was greeted by sustained applause. 他的演讲博得了经久不息的掌声。

2）表示“坚定的，坚持不懈的”（determined），2020年政府工作报告Part 10中提到：持续打造市场化、法治化、国际化营商环境 make sustained efforts to create a market-oriented, law-based, and internationalized business environment.

As AI translation becomes an even more popular labour-saving tool, people will split into two groups. There will be those who want to stretch their minds, immerse themselves in other cultures or force their thinking into new pathways. This lot will still take on language study, often aided by technology. Others will look at learning a new language with a mix of admiration and puzzlement, as they might with extreme endurance sports: “Good for you, if that's your thing, but a bit painful for my taste.”

随着AI翻译成为一种更受欢迎的省力工具，人们将分成两派。一部分人希望开拓思维，沉浸在其他文化中，或迫使自己以新的方式思考问题。这部分人仍然会学习语言，通常会借助技术手段。另一部分人则会像对待极限耐力运动一样，对学习新语言表示既钦佩又不解：“如果你喜欢的话，那很好，但对我来说有点难以接受。”

labour-saving /ˈleɪ.bəˌseɪ.vɪŋ/ 表示“省时省力的”，英文解释为“A labour-saving device or method is one that saves a lot of effort and time.”

stretch /stretʃ/ 作名词，1）表示“（连续的）一段时间”，英文解释为“a continuous period of time”举个🌰：The elderly generally need far less rest than the young, and tend to sleep in several short stretches. 年长者一般需要的休息时间比年轻人要少得多，而且往往会分成几个小段时间睡觉。

2）表示“（土地或水域的）一片，一段”，英文解释为“a continuous area of land or water”举个🌰：This particular stretch of coast is especially popular with hikers. 在这一段海岸散步的人特别多。

作动词，1）表示“到…的限度；超过…的限度；竭尽”，英文解释为“to go as far as or past the usual limit of something”举个🌰：Many families' budgets are already stretched to breaking point. 许多家庭的预算已经撑到了极限。

2）表示“伸出；伸长；拉伸”，英文解释为“to cause something to reach, often as far as possible, in a particular direction”举个🌰：She stretched out her hand and helped him from his chair. 她伸手将他从椅子上扶起来。

3）表示“展开，铺开；延伸”，英文解释为“to spread over a large area or distance”举个🌰：A huge cloud of dense smoke stretched across the horizon. 一大团浓烟在地平线上蔓延开来。

4）表示“延续”，英文解释为“to spread over a long period of time”举个🌰：The dispute stretches back over many years. 这场争论可追溯到许多年以前。

immerse /ɪˈmɜːs/ yourself in sth 表示“（使）深陷于，沉浸在”，英文解释为“to become or make sb completely involved in sth”举个🌰：She immersed herself in her work. 她埋头工作。

This is largely an Anglophone problem, since native English-speakers miss out on the benefits of language-learning most acutely. In many countries, including Britain and America, schools' and universities' foreign-language departments have been closing. (The British government recently devoted a modest fund to trying to get more secondary-school pupils to study foreign languages.) In the rest of the rich world, there is one thriving language that people still study: English. And in poorer countries, many people are multilingual as a matter of course; Africans and Indians learn languages because they are surrounded by them.

这主要是英语国家的问题，因为英语母语者最容易错过语言学习的好处。在包括英国和美国在内的许多国家，学校都在关闭外语系。（英国政府最近投入了一笔数额不大的资金，试图让更多的中学生学习外语）。在其他富裕国家，人们仍然在学习一种蓬勃发展的语言，那就是英语。在较贫穷的国家，许多人自然而然地掌握多种语言；非洲人和印度人学习语言是因为他们生活在多语言环境中。

anglophone /ˈæŋ.ɡlə.fəʊn/ 表示“（尤指在数种语言并用的国家里）讲英语的人”，英文解释为“a person who speaks English, especially in countries where other languages are also spoken”

But a focus on the learner alone misses the fundamentally social nature of language. It is a bit like analysing the benefits of close relationships to heart-health but overlooking the inherent value of those bonds themselves. When you try to ask directions in broken Japanese or mangle a joke in halting German, you are making direct contact with someone. And when you speak a language well enough to tell a story with perfect timing or put subtle shading on an argument, that connection is more profound still. The best relationships do not require an intermediary.

但是，如果只关注学习者，就会忽略语言的基本社会性。这有点像分析亲密关系对心脏健康的益处，却忽视了这些联系本身的内在价值。当你试图用蹩脚的日语问路或用支支吾吾的德语讲笑话时，你是在与人直接接触。而当你的语言足够流利，能够恰到好处地讲述故事，或在论述中加入细微的修饰时，这种联系就更加深远了。最好的关系不需要中间人。

inherent /ɪnˈher.ənt/ /ɪnˈhɪə.rənt/ 表示“内在的；固有的，生来就有的”，英文解释为“existing as a natural or basic part of something”举个🌰：There are dangers/risks inherent in almost every sport. 几乎每种运动本身都带有危险/风险。

作名词，bond /bɒnd/ 1）表示“保证金；保释金”，英文解释为“an amount of money that is paid to formally promise that someone accused of a crime and being kept in prison will appear for trial if released”举个🌰：The judge ordered that he post a $10,000 bond pending his appeal of the verdict. 法官判令他在判决上诉期缴纳1万美元的保释金。

2）表示“纽带；联系；关系”，英文解释为“a close connection joining two or more people”如：the bond(s) of friendship/love 友谊的纽带/恋爱关系。

作动词，表示“联合；团结；建立关系”，英文解释为“to develop a close connection or strong relationship with someone, or to make someone do this”举个🌰：The aim was to bond the group into a closely knit team. 其目的在于使整个团体紧密团结在一起。

📍bonding本身可以作不可数名词，表示“人与人之间的关系（或联结）；亲密关系的形成”，英文解释为“the process of forming a special relationship with sb or with a group of people”，如：mother-child bonding 母子亲情，female bonding 女性的情谊。

mangle /ˈmæŋ.ɡəl/ 1）表示“绞坏；撕烂”，英文解释为“to destroy something by twisting it with force or tearing it into pieces so that its original form is completely changed”举个🌰：My sweater got mangled in the washing machine. 我的毛衣被洗衣机绞坏了。

2）表示“（因错误太多而）损坏，弄糟”，英文解释为“If you mangle a speech or a piece of written work, you make so many mistakes that you completely spoil it.”举个🌰：As he read the poem out loud, he mangled the rhythm so badly that it hardly made any sense. 他朗读这首诗时完全不合韵律，致使诗歌听上去毫无意义。

📍mangle在这里的意思是“弄糟”或“笨拙地处理”。它通常用来形容某人以不太熟练或错误的方式使用语言，导致结果很糟糕。

intermediary /ˌɪn.təˈmiː.di.ə.ri/ 表示“调解人，中间人”，英文解释为“someone who carries messages between people who are unwilling or unable to meet”举个🌰：The police negotiated with the gunman through an intermediary. 警方通过调解人与持枪歹徒谈判。

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