网易云音乐崩了

今天下午，网易云音乐崩了。

借（cèng）此（gè）机（rè）会（diǎn），我们就来看看关于音乐的相关研究。

今天你练听力了吗？

🤔️小作业：

1. Which of the following best explains the difference in the effectiveness of music based on its timing around surgery?

A) Music played after surgery has the most significant effect.

B) The timing of the music did not make a clinically significant difference.

C) Music played during surgery is the least effective.

D) Music is only effective when played before surgery.

A) It makes them more likely to cry.

B) It decreases their willingness to cooperate.

C) It slightly increases their likelihood of helping others.

D) It has no measurable impact on their behavior.

无注释原文：

Music Can Help Recovery From Surgery

From: The New York Times, Sep 21, 2015

Surgical patients who listen to music — even while they are under general anesthesia — have less anxiety and need less pain medication during recovery than those who do not, a large review of studies has found.

The analysis, in Lancet, includes data from 72 randomized controlled trials. The studies covered various music genres, timing and delivery methods (speakers versus headphones), and procedures ranging from routine colonoscopy to open heart surgery. Researchers recorded length of stay in the hospital, measured pain using numerical rating scales, and estimated anxiety and satisfaction by self-report.

Compared with regular care, music was associated with a 20 percent reduction in postoperative pain, a 10 percent reduction in anxiety and a significant reduction in the use of pain medication. It increased patient satisfaction slightly, but did not affect length of hospital stay.

Pain was reduced most when music was played before the operation, slightly less when played during the procedure, and least when played afterward, but the difference in timing was not clinically significant.

“If you like music and find it calming, it might help a lot,” said the senior author, Catherine Meads, a reader in health technology assessment at Brunel University in London. “It might be that hospitals would want to tell patients that they can listen to music before the operation.”

How Music May Make Babies Team Players

From: The New York Times, Jul 8, 2014

Moving with a partner to the musical beat may make people more cooperative — even babies as young as 14 months.

Researchers worked with 48 toddlers, each held by an assistant and gently bounced for about two minutes to the rhythm of the Beatles' version of “Twist and Shout.” They faced an experimenter who bounced in the same rhythm or off the beat.

Then the scientists tested whether the babies would help out when an experimenter “accidentally” dropped an object, or tried to pick up an object just out of hand's reach. The study was published online in Developmental Science.

After controlling for other behaviors, such as smiling or approaching the experimenter, they found that babies who were bounced in a synchronous rhythm were slightly but significantly more likely to help than those who were bounced off beat. Although the effect was moderate, the authors say, it was still impressive given the quite short duration of the interaction.

“We tend to think that music is a frill that doesn't matter,” said the lead author, Laurel J. Trainor, a professor of psychology at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. “But in fact, these social binds that we form early in development affect everything that happens later, including our ability to learn and how we view others and ourselves.”

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注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为纽约时报官方译文，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Music Can Help Recovery From Surgery

From: The New York Times

Surgical patients who listen to music — even while they are under general anesthesia — have less anxiety and need less pain medication during recovery than those who do not, a large review of studies has found.

 一项大型研究综述发现，与不听音乐的患者相比，听音乐的手术患者在恢复期间焦虑程度较低，需要的镇痛药量也较少，即使他们是在全身麻醉状态下依然如此。

surgical /ˈsɜː.dʒɪ.kəl/ 表示“（外科）手术用的；手术的，外科手术的”，英文解释为“used for medical operations”如：surgical supplies / instruments / gloves 手术器材 / 器械 / 手套（等等）。

英式 anaesthesia /ˌæn.əsˈθiː.zi.ə/ 美式 anesthesia表示“（通常指被施用药物后的）麻醉状态”，英文解释为“a state in which someone does not feel pain, usually because of drugs they have been given”

The analysis, in Lancet, includes data from 72 randomized controlled trials. The studies covered various music genres, timing and delivery methods (speakers versus headphones), and procedures ranging from routine colonoscopy to open heart surgery. Researchers recorded length of stay in the hospital, measured pain using numerical rating scales, and estimated anxiety and satisfaction by self-report.

这项发表在《柳叶刀》杂志（Lancet）上的分析共计纳入了72项随机对照试验的数据。这些研究涵盖了不同的音乐类型、播放音乐的时机以及播放方式（扬声器还是耳机），涉及从常规结肠镜检查到心内直视手术等各种各样的手术。研究人员记录了患者们的住院时间，用数字评分量表衡量了他们的疼痛程度，并通过自我报告估计了他们的焦虑程度和满意度。

randomized /ˈræn.də.maɪzd/ 表示“随机化的”，英文解释为“relating to experimental research where subjects are selected for particular treatments by chance”如：a randomized drug trial 随机药物试验。

📍 randomized controlled trial = randomized control trial (RCT) 随机对照试验的基本方法是，将研究对象随机分组，对不同组实施不同的干预，在这种严格的条件下对照效果的不同。在研究对象数量足够的情况下，这种方法可以抵消已知和未知的混杂因素对各组的影响。

genre /ˈʒɑ̃ː.rə/ /ˈʒɒn.rə/ 表示“（尤指艺术的）风格，类型，体裁”，英文解释为“a style, especially in the arts, that involves a particular set of characteristics”举个🌰：What genre does the book fall into - comedy or tragedy? 这本书属于什么体裁——喜剧还是悲剧？

versus /ˈvɜːsəs/ 经常看到缩写vs，vs.或者是单单一个v，就是指的versus，表示“（比较两种不同想法、选择等）与…相对，与…相比”，英文解释为“used to compare two different ideas, choices, etc.”如：private education versus state education 私立教育与公共教育相比，举个🌰：It is France versus Brazil in the final. 决赛是法国队对巴西队。

procedure /prəˈsiːdʒə(r)/ 1）表示“程序；步骤；常规”，英文解释为“a set of actions that is the official or accepted way of doing something”举个🌰：The company has new procedures for dealing with complaints. 公司采取了新程序处理投诉事宜。

2）表示“医疗处理；手术”，英文解释为“a medical operation”举个🌰：It's a routine/standard surgical procedure. 这是一个普通的外科手术。

colonoscopy /ˌkəʊ.ləˈnɒs.kə.pi/ 表示“结肠镜检查”，英文解释为“a medical examination of the colon (= the lower part of the tube that takes solid waste out of your body)”

numerical /njuːˈmer.ɪ.kəl/ 表示“数字的；以数字表示的”，英文解释为“involving or expressed in numbers”如：a numerical calculation 数字运算。

scale /skeɪl/ 1）表示“标度，刻度；等级”，英文解释为“a set of numbers, amounts, etc., used to measure or compare the level of something”如：the Centigrade/Fahrenheit scale 摄氏/华氏温标。

2）表示“比例；比例尺”，英文解释为“the relation between the real size of something and its size on a map, model, or diagram”如：a scale of 1:10,000 比例尺为1:10000。

3）表示“大小；规模；范围”，英文解释为“the size or level of something, especially when this is large”举个🌰：We don't yet know the scale of the problem. 我们还不知道问题有多严重。

Compared with regular care, music was associated with a 20 percent reduction in postoperative pain, a 10 percent reduction in anxiety and a significant reduction in the use of pain medication. It increased patient satisfaction slightly, but did not affect length of hospital stay.

与常规治疗相比，音乐与术后疼痛减少20%，焦虑减少10%以及止痛药使用显著减少相关。它还令患者的满意度略有增加，但对住院时间长短没有影响。

postoperative /ˌpəʊstˈɒp.ər.ə.tɪv/ 表示“手术后的”，英文解释为“relating to the period of time that immediately follows a medical operation”如：postoperative care 术后护理。

Pain was reduced most when music was played before the operation, slightly less when played during the procedure, and least when played afterward, but the difference in timing was not clinically significant.

在术前播放音乐时减轻疼痛的效果最好，在术中播放时效果稍显不足，在术后播放时效果相对最差，但播放时机之间的差异不具备临床意义。

clinically /ˈklɪn.ɪ.kəl.i/ 1）表示“临床诊断地”，英文解释为“according to medical science and examination of patients”举个🌰：Doctors pronounced him clinically dead. 医生宣布，根据临床诊断，他已经死亡。

2）表示“冷漠地；无动于衷地；无感情地”，英文解释为“in a way that lacks emotion or sympathy”举个🌰：She talks about her traumatized childhood emotionlessly, almost clinically. 她毫无感情地说着自己受创伤的童年，几近冷漠。

“If you like music and find it calming, it might help a lot,” said the senior author, Catherine Meads, a reader in health technology assessment at Brunel University in London. “It might be that hospitals would want to tell patients that they can listen to music before the operation.”

“如果你喜欢音乐，觉得它能带给你平静，它可能会大有助益，”该研究的责任作者、《卫生技术评估》杂志(health technology assessment)的审稿人、布鲁内尔大学（Brunel University，位于伦敦）的凯瑟琳·米兹（Catherine Meads）说。“根据这一研究结果，医院可能会建议患者，如果喜欢，可以在手术前听听音乐。”

How Music May Make Babies Team Players

From: The New York Times

Moving with a partner to the musical beat may make people more cooperative — even babies as young as 14 months.

随着音乐节拍和一位同伴一起手舞足蹈能让人更具合作精神——甚至连14个月大的婴儿也是如此。

Researchers worked with 48 toddlers, each held by an assistant and gently bounced for about two minutes to the rhythm of the Beatles' version of “Twist and Shout.” They faced an experimenter who bounced in the same rhythm or off the beat.

研究者们对48个初学走路的婴儿进行研究，每个婴儿由一位辅导员拉着，随着披头士乐队（Beatles）演唱的《摇摆和呐喊》（Twist and Shout）的节奏轻轻跳大约两分钟。他们面前的实验者以同样的节奏或者不按节奏跳跃。

toddler /ˈtɒdlə/ 表示“学步的儿童”，英文解释为“A toddler is a young child who has only just learned to walk or who still walks unsteadily with small, quick steps.”举个🌰：I had a toddler at home and two other children at school. 我有一个刚学步的孩子在家中，另外两个孩子在学校。

🎬电影《相助》（The Help）中的台词提到：She's trying to blame it on a toddler. 她想把错赖在小孩子身上。

bounce /baʊns/ 1）表示“（使）弹起，（使）反弹；反射；跳跃”，英文解释为“to (cause to) move up or away after hitting a surface”举个🌰：She bounced the ball quickly. 她快速地拍球。

2）表示“（人）蹦蹦跳跳”，英文解释为“to move in an energetic and enthusiastic manner”举个🌰：He bounced in, smiling broadly. 他蹦蹦跳跳地进来了，脸上笑开了花。

rhythm /ˈrɪðəm/ 1）表示“（尤指自然界中的）规则变化，规律，节律”，英文解释为“a regular pattern of change, especially one that happens in nature”如：the rhythm of the seasons 四季的交替。

2）表示“（音乐、诗歌和舞蹈的）节奏，韵律，节律”，英文解释为“a strong pattern of sounds, words, or musical notes that is used in music, poetry, and dancing”举个🌰：He beat out a jazz rhythm on the drums. 他击出爵士乐节奏的鼓点。

twist /twɪst/ 作动词，表示“转动，旋转;缠绕，盘绕”，英文解释为“to turn something, especially repeatedly, or to turn or wrap one thing around another”举个🌰：The path twists and turns for over a mile. 这条小路弯弯曲曲，长达1英里多。

作名词，1）表示“扭动，转动”，英文解释为“an act of twisting something”举个🌰：She gave the cap another twist to make sure it was tight. 她又拧了一下盖子，以确保盖紧了。

2）表示“（故事或情况的）转折，转变，突然变化”，英文解释为“an unexpected change or development in a story or situation”举个🌰：The story has taken another twist. 故事情节再一次变化。

Then the scientists tested whether the babies would help out when an experimenter “accidentally” dropped an object, or tried to pick up an object just out of hand's reach. The study was published online in Developmental Science.

然后科学家们测验当实验者“不小心”掉了一个物品或者想捡起一个无法伸手就够到的物品时，这些婴儿是否会帮忙。这项研究公布在《发育科学》（Developmental Science）期刊的在线版本上。

After controlling for other behaviors, such as smiling or approaching the experimenter, they found that babies who were bounced in a synchronous rhythm were slightly but significantly more likely to help than those who were bounced off beat. Although the effect was moderate, the authors say, it was still impressive given the quite short duration of the interaction.

对诸如微笑或者接近实验者等其他行为加以考虑后，他们发现跟着节拍跳跃的婴儿们比不按节拍跳跃的婴儿更愿意去帮助，虽然只是稍微而已，但是很明显。作者们说，虽然影响有限，但仍令人印象深刻，毕竟互动的时间很短。

synchronous /ˈsɪŋ.krə.nəs/ 表示“同时的”，英文解释为“happening or done at the same time or speed”举个🌰：The dancers perform a sequence of wonderfully synchronous movements. 舞者们的一段表演整齐划一，十分奇妙。

impressive /ɪmˈpres.ɪv/ 1）表示“（因特殊、重要或巨大而）给人留下深刻印象的”，英文解释为“If an object or achievement is impressive, you admire or respect it, usually because it is special, important, or very large.”举个🌰：That was an impressive performance from such a young tennis player. 这么年轻的网球选手居然打得那么好。

2）表示“（因具备特殊技能）令人钦佩的”，英文解释为“If someone is impressive, you admire or respect that person for their special skills or abilities.”举个🌰：She's a very impressive public speaker. 她是个不同凡响的演说家。

“We tend to think that music is a frill that doesn't matter,” said the lead author, Laurel J. Trainor, a professor of psychology at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. “But in fact, these social binds that we form early in development affect everything that happens later, including our ability to learn and how we view others and ourselves.”

“我们通常认为音乐无关紧要，”主要作者劳蕾尔·J·特雷纳（Laurel J. Trainor）说。她是安大略省汉密尔顿市麦克马斯特大学的心理学教授。“但是实际上，在发育初期形成的这些社会联系影响到后来发生的所有事情，包括学习能力以及如何看待他人和自己。”

frill /frɪl/ 表示“（衣服等的）饰边，褶饰”，英文解释为“a long, narrow strip of cloth with folds along one side that is sewn along the edge of a piece of clothing or material for decoration”举个🌰：You could always sew a frill or two around the bottom of the skirt if you think it's too plain. 如果你认为这条裙子太过普通，可以在下摆缝上一两道饰边。

frills复数，表示“不必要的装饰，虚饰”，英文解释为“extra things that are added to something to make it more pleasant or more attractive, but that are not necessary”如：a cheap, no frills airline 价格便宜、经济实惠的航空公司。

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