啥都还没学怎么就要做Pre了

是不是才开学，就有各种pre？聊一聊大学里你讨厌各种“水课”吧。

今天你练听力了吗？

🤔️小作业：

1. What is the primary reason behind the recent student protests against in-class presentations?

A. Presentations do not effectively build leadership skills.

B. Presentations are perceived as unfair grading methods for all students.

C. Presentations exacerbate anxiety among students, leading to long-term stress.

D. Presentations take up too much class time that could be used for other activities.

A. Students believe that in-class presentations are no longer necessary for academic success.

B. Students feel that in-class presentations should only focus on content rather than delivery.

C. Students are advocating for a complete elimination of all forms of presentations.

D. Students are seeking more flexible presentation methods that accommodate individual anxieties.

无注释原文：

Teens Are Protesting In-Class Presentations

From: The Atlantic, September 12, 2018

For many students, giving an in-class presentation was a rite of passage. Teachers would call up students, one by one, to present their work in front of the class and, though it was often nerve-racking, many people claim it helped turn them into more confident public speakers.

“Coming from somebody with severe anxiety, having somebody force me to do a public presentation was the best idea to happen in my life,” one woman recently tweeted. According to a recent survey by the Association of American Colleges and Universities, oral communication is one of the most sought-after skills in the workplace, with over 90 percent of hiring managers saying it's important. Some educators also credit in-class presentations with building essential leadership skills and increasing students' confidence and understanding of material.

But in the past few years, students have started calling out in-class presentations as discriminatory to those with anxiety, demanding that teachers offer alternative options. This week, a tweet posted by a 15-year-old high-school student declaring “Stop forcing students to present in front of the class and give them a choice not to” garnered more than 130,000 retweets and nearly half a million likes. A similar sentiment tweeted in January also racked up thousands of likes and retweets. And teachers are listening.

Students who support abolishing in-class presentations argue that forcing students with anxiety to present in front of their peers is not only unfair because they are bound to underperform and receive a lower grade, but it can also cause long-term stress and harm.

“Nobody should be forced to do something that makes them uncomfortable,” says Ula, a 14-year-old in eighth grade. “Even though speaking in front of class is supposed to build your confidence and it's part of your schoolwork, I think if a student is really unsettled and anxious because of it you should probably make it something less stressful. School isn't something a student should fear.”

“It feels like presentations are often more graded on delivery when some people can't help not being able to deliver it well, even if the content is the best presentation ever,” says Bennett, a 15-year-old in Massachusetts who strongly agrees with the idea that teachers should offer alternative options for students. “Teachers grade on public speaking which people who have anxiety can't be great at.”

“I get that teachers are trying to get students out of their comfort zone, but it's not good for teachers to force them to do that,” says Henry, a 15-year-old also in Massachusetts.

To the thousands of teens who support the effort to do away with in-class presentations (at least enough to like a tweet about it), anxiety is no small issue. Students said they understood why older people might tell them to “suck it up,” but that doing so was unproductive. Some responses to the most recent viral tweet, though, noted that giving a presentation in spite of anxiety might reduce a student's fear of public speaking.

These students want more options. They say that every student has unique strengths and abilities and that they should be allowed to present their work in ways that speak to those strengths. This might mean presenting alone in front of the teacher, or choosing between several alternatives like producing a piece of art or an essay for private judgment instead of presenting their work orally.

“The resounding theory that education is holding on to right now is the idea of multiple intelligences,” says Travis Grandt, a high-school history teacher in Colorado who says he tries to accommodate students with special needs, including anxiety. “There [are] a lot of ways for kids to present information. It doesn't have to be through a formal presentation.”

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Teens Are Protesting In-Class Presentations

From: The Atlantic, September 12, 2018

For many students, giving an in-class presentation was a rite of passage. Teachers would call up students, one by one, to present their work in front of the class and, though it was often nerve-racking, many people claim it helped turn them into more confident public speakers.

对于许多学生来说，课堂演讲是成长的重要经历。老师们会一个接一个地叫上学生，在全班同学面前展示他们的作品，虽然这常常令人紧张，但许多人声称，这有助于让他们成为更自信的公众演讲者。

rite of passage /ˌraɪt əv ˈpæs.ɪdʒ/ 表示“（标志人生某个重要阶段的）通过仪式；（尤指）成人仪式”，英文解释为“an official ceremony or informal activity that marks an important stage or occasion in a person's life, especially becoming an adult”

nerve-racking /ˈnɜːvˌræk.ɪŋ/ 表示“伤脑筋的；使人心烦的”，英文解释为“Something that is nerve-racking is difficult to do and causes a lot of worry for the person involved in it.”举个🌰：Her wedding was the most nerve-racking thing she has ever experienced. 她的婚礼是她经历过的最伤脑筋的事情。

“Coming from somebody with severe anxiety, having somebody force me to do a public presentation was the best idea to happen in my life,” one woman recently tweeted. According to a recent survey by the Association of American Colleges and Universities, oral communication is one of the most sought-after skills in the workplace, with over 90 percent of hiring managers saying it's important. Some educators also credit in-class presentations with building essential leadership skills and increasing students' confidence and understanding of material.

一位女士最近在推特上写道：“对于一个有严重焦虑症的人来说，被强迫进行公开演讲是我人生中最好的决定。” 根据美国高校协会（Association of American Colleges and Universities）最近的一项调查，口头沟通能力是职场中最受青睐的技能之一，超过90%的招聘经理认为这一点很重要。一些教育工作者还认为，课堂演讲有助于培养关键的领导能力，增强学生的自信心，加深其对教材的理解。

表示“（因品质高或稀有而）热门的，广受欢迎的”，英文解释为“wanted by many people and usually of high quality or rare”举个🌰：[ before noun ] At the age of 17 she is already one of Hollywood's most sought-after actresses. 她17岁时就是好莱坞最走红的女演员之一了。

credit /ˈkred.ɪt/ 作名词，1）表示“赞扬；赞许；荣誉”，英文解释为“praise, approval, or honour”举个🌰：She got no credit for solving the problem. 她没有因为解决了这一问题而得到任何赞许。

2）可数名词，表示“学分”，英文解释为“a unit that represents a successfully finished part of an educational course”举个🌰：Each of these classes is worth three credits. 这些课程每门3个学分。

3）表示“赊购，赊账，信用贷款”，英文解释为“a method of paying for goods or services at a later time, usually paying interest as well as the original money”举个🌰：They decided to buy the car on credit. 他们决定用赊购的方法买那辆汽车。

4）credits可以表示某人在电影、电视或其他媒体作品中的参与或贡献，通常指的是某人的角色或工作。当提到一个演员的credits时，它通常指的是该演员参与过的电影或电视作品。

作动词，credit A with B 或者 credit B to A，表示“认为是…的功劳；把…归于”，英文解释为“to believe or say that sb is responsible for doing sth, especially sth good”举个🌰：The company is credited with inventing the industrial robot. 发明工业机器人是那家公司的功劳。

But in the past few years, students have started calling out in-class presentations as discriminatory to those with anxiety, demanding that teachers offer alternative options. This week, a tweet posted by a 15-year-old high-school student declaring “Stop forcing students to present in front of the class and give them a choice not to” garnered more than 130,000 retweets and nearly half a million likes. A similar sentiment tweeted in January also racked up thousands of likes and retweets. And teachers are listening.

但在过去几年里，学生们开始认为课堂演讲对有焦虑症的学生具有歧视性，要求老师提供其他选择。本周，一位15岁的高中生发布了一条推文，宣称“停止强迫学生在全班面前演讲，给他们一个不做演讲的选择”，该推文获得了超过13万次转发和近50万次点赞。今年1月，一条类似的推文也获得了成千上万的点赞和转发。老师们也在倾听学生的声音。

discriminatory /dɪˈskrɪm.ɪ.nə.tər.i/ 表示“歧视的，区别对待的”，英文解释为“treating a person or group differently from and usually worse than other people, because of their skin colour, sex, sexuality, etc.”举个🌰：Business leaders must take a stand against discriminatory practices. 对歧视性做法，商业领袖必须明确自己的立场。

garner /ˈɡɑːnə/ 表示“获得；收集”，英文解释为“If someone has garnered something useful or valuable, they have gained it or collected it.”举个🌰：He has garnered extensive support for his proposals. 他为他的提议赢得了广泛的支持。

📍这个词来自古法语的"gernier"，表示"谷仓"，象征"收集"。近义词：collect（收集），acquire（获得）；常用短语：garner support（获得支持），garner attention（引起关注）

🎬电影《斯隆女士》（Miss Sloane）中的台词提到：But I'll tell you, the reputation you have garnered for yourself, we were just looking for an excuse to engage you. 但实话讲你蜚声于世 我们想找到能打动你的理由。

sentiment /ˈsen.tɪ.mənt/表示“观点；意见；看法；情绪”，英文解释为“a thought, opinion, or idea based on a feeling about a situation, or a way of thinking about something”举个🌰：I don't think she shares my sentiments. 我认为她不同意我的观点。

表示“积累，大量获得（利润）；严重遭受（损失）；（体育中）多次赢得（比赛）”，英文解释为“If a business racks up profits, losses, or sales, it makes a lot of them. If a sportsman, sportswoman, or team racks up wins, they win a lot of games or races.”举个🌰：Lower rates mean that firms are more likely to rack up profits in the coming months. 更低的费率意味着各公司更有可能在未来的几个月里获得大量利润。

Students who support abolishing in-class presentations argue that forcing students with anxiety to present in front of their peers is not only unfair because they are bound to underperform and receive a lower grade, but it can also cause long-term stress and harm.

支持取消课堂演讲的学生认为，强迫有焦虑症的学生在同学面前演讲不仅会因他们表现不佳、获得较低成绩而变得不公平，而且还会带来长期的压力和伤害。

abolish /əˈbɒl.ɪʃ/ 表示“废除，废止”，英文解释为“to end an activity or custom officially”举个🌰：I think bullfighting should be abolished. 我认为斗牛应该废止。

peer /pɪər/ 作动词，表示“仔细看，端详；费力地看”，英文解释为“to look carefully or with difficulty”举个🌰：When no one answered the door, she peered through the window to see if anyone was there. 没有人开门，她就费力地透过窗户朝里望去，看是否有人在。

作名词，表示“同龄人；同辈；同等社会地位（或能力）的人”，英文解释为“a person who is the same age or has the same social position or the same abilities as other people in a group”举个🌰：Do you think it's true that teenage girls are less self-confident than their male peers? 你是否认为十几岁的女孩子不如同年龄的男孩子自信？

1）bound /baʊnd/ 作动词，表示“跳跃；跳动；跳跃着前进”，英文解释为“to move quickly with large jumping movements”

2）bound作形容词 表示“去…的；准备前往…的；开往…的”，英文解释为“If a vehicle or person is bound for a particular place, they are travelling toward it.”通常用法：be bound for，举个🌰：The train was bound for Hangzhou. 这火车是开往杭州的。

🍸如果你留意的话，坐地铁时会有这个用法。例如上海地铁2号线上，经常会听到的：

🍸本次列车终点站广兰路，到浦东国际机场方向的乘客请在广兰路换乘。The terminal station is Guanglan Road. You can transfer to the train bound for Pudong International Airport at Guanglan Road.

3）be bound to表示“一定会；很可能会”，英文解释为“certain or likely to happen, or to do or be sth”举个🌰：There are bound to be changes when the new system is introduced. 引进新系统后一定会发生变化。

4）表示“受束缚的，受约束的；（法律或道德上）有义务的”，英文解释为“having a moral or legal duty to do something”举个🌰：The company is bound by a special agreement to involve the union in important decisions. 公司受一项特殊协定的约束，须请工会参与重大决策。

📍-bound后缀，还可以表示“受限于…的，不能离开…的”，英文解释为“(causing people to be) unable to leave a place because of an unwanted condition”举个🌰：During his long illness he was completely housebound (= he could not leave the house). 久病期间，他只能一直呆在家里。

“Nobody should be forced to do something that makes them uncomfortable,” says Ula, a 14-year-old in eighth grade. “Even though speaking in front of class is supposed to build your confidence and it's part of your schoolwork, I think if a student is really unsettled and anxious because of it you should probably make it something less stressful. School isn't something a student should fear.”

“任何人都不应该被迫去做让自己不舒服的事，”14岁的八年级学生乌拉（Ula）说。“尽管在全班同学面前演讲本应增强你的自信心，也是课业的一部分，但如果有学生因此感到非常不安和焦虑，老师应该考虑让他们选择一些不那么有压力的方式。学校不应该是学生害怕的地方。”

unsettled /ʌnˈset.əld/ 1）表示“易变的；动荡不定的；不规则的；无规律的”，英文解释为“likely to change suddenly；not calm or having a regular pattern”如：a period of unsettled weather 天气变幻莫测的一段时期。

2）表示“焦虑不安的，心绪不宁的”，英文解释为“nervous and worried；unable to relax”举个🌰：Children tend to get unsettled if you continually change their routine. 如果你不断地去改变孩子们的日常习惯，他们容易变得躁动不安。

“It feels like presentations are often more graded on delivery when some people can't help not being able to deliver it well, even if the content is the best presentation ever,” says Bennett, a 15-year-old in Massachusetts who strongly agrees with the idea that teachers should offer alternative options for students. “Teachers grade on public speaking which people who have anxiety can't be great at.”

“感觉演讲往往更多地依据表现来打分，而有些人即使内容是最好的，也无法很好地展现出来，”马萨诸塞州15岁学生本内特（Bennett）说，他强烈支持老师应该为学生提供其他选择的观点。“老师们根据公开演讲来打分，而有焦虑症的人在这方面往往表现不佳。”

“I get that teachers are trying to get students out of their comfort zone, but it's not good for teachers to force them to do that,” says Henry, a 15-year-old also in Massachusetts.

同样来自马萨诸塞州的15岁学生亨利（Henry）说：“我明白老师想让学生走出自己的舒适区，但强迫强迫学生这样做并不好。”

To the thousands of teens who support the effort to do away with in-class presentations (at least enough to like a tweet about it), anxiety is no small issue. Students said they understood why older people might tell them to “suck it up,” but that doing so was unproductive. Some responses to the most recent viral tweet, though, noted that giving a presentation in spite of anxiety might reduce a student's fear of public speaking.

对于支持取消课堂演讲的成千上万的青少年来说（至少他们会为相关推文点赞），焦虑症并不是一个小问题。学生们表示，他们理解大人为什么会让他们“忍着点”，但这样做只会适得其反。不过，一些对最近这条热门推文的回复指出，尽管焦虑但还是进行演讲可能会减少学生对公开演讲的恐惧。

like /laɪk/ 可以作名词，也可作动词，表示“（在社交媒体上）点赞”，英文解释为“(on a page on a social networking website) an act of showing that you think something is good by clicking a button”举个🌰：My new profile picture got 10 likes. 我的新头像得到了10个赞。

suck it up是一个英语口语表达，意思是忍耐、硬撑、克服困难而不抱怨。在不同的语境中，它可以传达出鼓励某人坚持下去、不轻易放弃的含义。在中文中可以根据具体语境选择不同的译法，如“忍耐一下”、“咬紧牙关”、“挺住”或“硬撑一下”。

viral /ˈvaɪ.rəl/ 表示“（通过网络在个体之间迅速）病毒式的（传播）”，英文解释为“used to describe something that quickly becomes very popular or well known by being published on the internet or sent from person to person by email, phone, etc.”举个🌰：Here's a list of the top ten viral videos this week. 以下是本周十大病毒式传播的视频。

📍常用短语 go viral，字面意思就是“像病毒一样传播、扩散”，引申为“走红，十分流行，疯狂传播”，比如朋友圈xxx刷屏了，也可以说go viral. 📍名词形式virality.

These students want more options. They say that every student has unique strengths and abilities and that they should be allowed to present their work in ways that speak to those strengths. This might mean presenting alone in front of the teacher, or choosing between several alternatives like producing a piece of art or an essay for private judgment instead of presenting their work orally.

这些学生希望有更多的选择。他们说，每个学生都有自己独特的长处和能力，应该允许学生以能够体现这些长处的方式展示自己的作品，这可能包括在老师面前单独演讲，或者在多种方案中选择，如创作艺术作品或撰写文章，由老师私下评阅，而非通过口头汇报。

orally /ˈɔː.rə.li/ 表示“口头地，口述地”，英文解释为“expressed in speech, not writing”举个🌰：You need to be able to communicate well both orally and in writing. 你需要能很好地进行口头和书面交流。

“The resounding theory that education is holding on to right now is the idea of multiple intelligences,” says Travis Grandt, a high-school history teacher in Colorado who says he tries to accommodate students with special needs, including anxiety. “There [are] a lot of ways for kids to present information. It doesn't have to be through a formal presentation.”

“现在教育界最流行的理论是多元智慧论，”科罗拉多州高中历史老师特拉维斯·格兰特（Travis Grandt）说，他表示自己会尽力照顾有特殊需求的学生，包括有焦虑症的学生。“孩子们有很多方式可以展示。不一定非要通过正式的演讲。”

resounding /rɪˈzaʊn.dɪŋ/ 1）表示“巨大的”，英文解释为“very great”举个🌰：The plan was a resounding success/failure. 这个计划非常成功/是个巨大的败笔。

2）表示“响亮的，洪亮的”，举个🌰 Supporters gave the team three resounding cheers. 助阵的球迷们三次为球队大声呐喊加油。

accommodate /əˈkɒm.ə.deɪt/ 1）表示“为（某人）提供住宿（或膳宿、座位等）”，英文解释为“to provide sb with a room or place to sleep, live or sit”举个🌰：The hotel can accommodate up to 123 guests. 这家旅馆可供123位旅客住宿。

2）表示“容纳；为…提供空间”，英文解释为“to provide enough space for sb/sth”举个🌰：Over 10 minutes of music can be accommodated on one CD. 一张激光唱片可以容纳10多分钟的音乐。

3）表示“为…提供方便；对…予以照顾性考虑”，英文解释为“to give what is needed to someone”举个🌰：We always try to accommodate (= help) our clients with financial assistance if necessary. 必要时，我们总是尽力为客户提供财务上的帮助。

4）表示“考虑到；顾及”，英文解释为“to consider sth, such as sb's opinion or a fact, and be influenced by it when you are deciding what to do or explaining sth”举个🌰：Our proposal tries to accommodate the special needs of minority groups. 我们的提案尽量照顾到少数群体的特殊需要。

5）表示“顺应，适应（新情况）”，英文解释为“to change your behaviour so that you can deal with a new situation better”举个🌰：I needed to accommodate to the new schedule. 我需要适应新的时间表。

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