刚刚，2024年诺贝尔物理学奖揭晓
LearnAndRecord约 10 分钟北京时间10月8日下午17:45，2024年诺贝尔物理学奖揭晓：约翰·霍普菲尔德（John J. Hopfield）和杰弗里·辛顿（Geoffrey E. Hinton）获奖，以表彰其利用人工神经网络实现机器学习的基础性发现和发明。（for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks）。
🤔️小作业：
1. What can be inferred about the impact of the laureates' work on everyday technology?
A. It has limited applications outside of theoretical physics.
B. It is primarily used in space exploration technologies.
C. It has become integral to common technologies like facial recognition.
D. It has replaced traditional computing methods in all industries.
无注释原文：
Nobel Prize in physics awarded to 2 scientists for discoveries in machine learning
From: AP NEWS
John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics Tuesday for discoveries and inventions that formed the building blocks of machine learning.
"This year's two Nobel Laureates in physics have used tools from physics to develop methods that are the foundation of today's powerful machine learning," the Nobel committee said in a press release.
Hopfield's research is carried out at Princeton University and Hinton works at the University of Toronto.
Ellen Moons, a member of the Nobel committee at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, said the two laureates "used fundamental concepts from statistical physics to design artificial neural networks that function as associative memories and find patterns in large data sets."
She said that such networks have been used to advance research in physics and "have also become part of our daily lives, for instance in facial recognition and language translation."
The Nobel Prize in physics was awarded a day after two American scientists won the medicine prize for their discovery of microRNA.
The 2023 award went to French-Swedish physicist Anne L'Huillier, French scientist Pierre Agostini and Hungarian-born Ferenc Krausz for their work with the tiny part of each atom that races around the center and is fundamental to virtually everything: chemistry, physics, our bodies and our gadgets.
Six days of Nobel announcements opened Monday with Americans Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun winning the medicine prize for their discovery of tiny bits of genetic material that serve as on and off switches inside cells that help control what the cells do and when they do it.
If scientists can better understand how they work and how to manipulate them, it could one day lead to powerful treatments for diseases like cancer.
The physics prize carries a cash award of 11 million Swedish kronor ($1 million) from a bequest left by the award's creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel. It has been awarded 117 times. The laureates are invited to receive their awards at ceremonies on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
Nobel announcements continue with the chemistry prize on Wednesday and literature on Thursday. The Nobel Peace Prize will be announced Friday and the economics award on Oct. 14.
- ◆ -
注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
Nobel Prize in physics awarded to 2 scientists for discoveries in machine learning
From: AP NEWS
John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics Tuesday for discoveries and inventions that formed the building blocks of machine learning.
约翰·霍普菲尔德（John Hopfield）和杰弗里·辛顿（Geoffrey Hinton）因在机器学习基础研究方面的发现和发明，于周二荣获诺贝尔物理学奖。
building blocks
building block /ˈbɪl.dɪŋ ˌblɒk/ 表示“积木”，英文解释为“a piece of wood or plastic used by children to build things with”
building blocks 表示“基础；构成要素”，英文解释为“the basic things that are put together to make something exist”举个🌰：Science and the arts are the building blocks of a good education. 科学和艺术是良好教育的基本要素。
📍写作句型积累：xxx set up the building blocks for/of ... 奠定了...的基础。如：The first grade sets up the building blocks for all future learning, with introductions to reading, writing, and math. 一年级对阅读、写作和数学进行了介绍，为所有未来的学习奠定了基础。
"This year's two Nobel Laureates in physics have used tools from physics to develop methods that are the foundation of today's powerful machine learning," the Nobel committee said in a press release.
诺贝尔奖委员会在新闻稿中表示：“今年的两位诺贝尔物理学奖得主运用物理学工具开发了一些方法，这些方法是当今强大的机器学习的基础。”
laureate
laureate /ˈlɔːrɪɪt/ 表示“荣誉获得者；获奖者”，英文解释为“a person who has been given an official honour or prize for sth important they have achieved”如：a Nobel laureate 诺贝尔奖获得者。
Hopfield's research is carried out at Princeton University and Hinton works at the University of Toronto.
霍普菲尔德的研究在普林斯顿大学（Princeton University）进行，而辛顿则在多伦多大学（University of Toronto）工作。
Ellen Moons, a member of the Nobel committee at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, said the two laureates "used fundamental concepts from statistical physics to design artificial neural networks that function as associative memories and find patterns in large data sets."
瑞典皇家科学院诺贝尔奖委员会成员埃伦·蒙斯（Ellen Moons）说，两位获奖者“利用统计物理学的基本概念设计了人工神经网络，这种网络具有关联记忆功能，可以大规模数据集中发现模式。”
statistical
statistical /stəˈtɪs.tɪ.kəl/ 表示“统计的；统计学的”，英文解释为“relating to statistics”如：statistical errors/evidence 统计错误/证据。
artificial
artificial /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/ 表示“人造的，人工的；仿造的”，英文解释为“made by people, often as a copy of something natural”如：clothes made of artificial fibres 人造纤维面料的服装。
neural network
neural network /ˌnjʊə.rəl ˈnet.wɜːk/ 表示“类神经网络（一种模拟人脑运作机制的电脑系统或程序）”，英文解释为“a computer system or a type of computer program that is designed to copy the way in which the human brain operates”举个🌰：Neural networks can learn solutions to difficult problems. 类神经网络能学习如何解决问题的办法。
associative memory
associative memory 表示“（计算机）关联存储器”，英文解释为“a kind of computer memory that allows you to find information by searching for words that it contains rather than by searching for an address (= a series of letters and numbers)”举个🌰：It is possible to construct an associative memory using very simple components. 可以使用非常简单的组件构建关联存储器。
关联记忆（Associative Memory）：在人工神经网络中，关联记忆是一种能够根据输入的信息（即使是不完整或有噪声的）联想并恢复出完整存储内容的模型。
She said that such networks have been used to advance research in physics and "have also become part of our daily lives, for instance in facial recognition and language translation."
她表示，人工神经网络不仅推动了物理学研究的进展，也“已成为我们日常生活的一部分，例如在面部识别和语言翻译中。”
The Nobel Prize in physics was awarded a day after two American scientists won the medicine prize for their discovery of microRNA.
诺贝尔物理学奖颁发的前一天，两位美国科学家因发现微小RNA而获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
Six days of Nobel announcements opened Monday with Americans Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun winning the medicine prize for their discovery of tiny bits of genetic material that serve as on and off switches inside cells that help control what the cells do and when they do it.
周一，为期六天的诺贝尔奖陆续揭晓，美国科学家维克多·安布罗斯（Victor Ambros）和加里·鲁夫坎（Gary Ruvkun）获得生理学或医学奖，以表彰其发现细胞内的微小基因片段，这些基因片段充当开关，有助于控制细胞的功能及其时机。
genetic
genetic /dʒəˈnet.ɪk/ 表示“基因的；遗传信息的”，英文解释为“belonging or relating to genes (= parts of the DNA in cells) received by each animal or plant from its parents”如：a genetic defect/disease 基因缺陷/遗传性疾病。
If scientists can better understand how they work and how to manipulate them, it could one day lead to powerful treatments for diseases like cancer.
如果科学家们能更好地理解其工作原理及其操控方法，有朝一日就能找到治疗癌症等疾病的有效方法。
manipulate
manipulate /məˈnɪp.jə.leɪt/ 1）表示“操纵，控制”，英文解释为“to control something or someone to your advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly”举个🌰：Throughout her career she has very successfully manipulated the media. 她在整个职业生涯中非常成功地控制了媒体。
2）表示“（用手）操纵，控制”，英文解释为“to control something using the hands”举个🌰：The wheelchair is designed so that it is easy to manipulate. 轮椅设计得很容易用手控制。
类似的还有一个词rig.
📍rig表示“（采取不正当的手段）操纵；对…做手脚”，英文解释为“to arrange dishonestly for the result of something, for example an election, to be changed”举个🌰：He said the election had been rigged. 他说选举被人操纵了。
The physics prize carries a cash award of 11 million Swedish kronor ($1 million) from a bequest left by the award's creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel. It has been awarded 117 times. The laureates are invited to receive their awards at ceremonies on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
诺贝尔物理学奖的奖金为1100万瑞典克朗（100万美元），奖金来自该奖项的创立者、瑞典发明家阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔（Alfred Nobel）留下的遗产。该奖项已颁发117次。获奖者将应邀在12月10日诺贝尔逝世纪念日的颁奖仪式上领奖。
kronor
kronor /'krəunə-ɔn:/ 克朗，瑞典货币单位。
bequest
bequest /bɪˈkwest/ 表示“遗赠，遗产”，英文解释为“the money or property belonging to someone that they say that, after their death, they wish to be given to other people”举个🌰：Her will included small bequests to her family, while most of her fortune went to charity. 她在遗嘱中写明将一小部分遗产留给家人，大部分都捐给慈善机构。
Nobel announcements continue with the chemistry prize on Wednesday and literature on Thursday. The Nobel Peace Prize will be announced Friday and the economics award on Oct. 14.
诺贝尔奖的揭晓将继续进行，化学奖得主将于周三公布，文学奖得主将于周四公布。诺贝尔和平奖得主将于周五公布，经济学奖得主将于10月14日公布。
literature
literature /ˈlɪt.rə.tʃər/ 作名词，1）表示“文献，文献资料”，英文解释为“all the information relating to a subject, especially information written by experts”
2）表示“文学；（尤指有传世价值的）文学作品”，英文解释为“written artistic works, especially those with a high and lasting artistic value”如：classical/modern literature 古典/现代文学。
- 词汇盘点 -
- 词汇助记 By ChatGPT -
LearnAndRecord
2015年2月8日
2024年10月8日
第3531天
每天持续行动学外语