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今天你练听力了吗？

🤔️小作业：

1. How does the article structure its discussion on avoiding fake news?

A. It starts with examples of false claims and then offers practical strategies to avoid misinformation.

B. It begins with statistical data and concludes with a call for regulation.

C. It focuses on the role of doctored images before discussing technological solutions.

D. It primarily compares fake news across different social media platforms.

无注释原文：

How to avoid falling for lies and fake news

From: BBC

From claims that The Simpsons predicted Trump's presidency in the Year 2000 to the absurd story that the Queen has joked about assassinating Trump, our social media feeds are awash with lies and misunderstandings.

Fortunately, psychologists are beginning to understand why we accept dubious claims that support our own viewpoint while neglecting facts that disagree with our views. We explore these strategies you can adopt to avoid being fooled.

Be smart to doctored images

Images can also increase a story's cognitive fluency, but thanks to software like Photoshop, they can now be easily doctored, and you may not realise just how easily this can manipulate your memory of history. The site Slate once ran an experiment, in which they showed pictures of certain events – only some of which were real. When questioned afterwards, nearly half their readers claimed to have remembered the fake events actually occurring. It's just one method of subtle suggestion that could lend credibility to a lie. So try to look for multiple sources of information, and don't just rely on the evidence immediately in front of your eyes.

Accept your ignorance

Many people suffer from over-confidence – the belief they know more than the average person. And our smartphones – with infinite knowledge at our finger-tips – can exacerbate this effect. As a result, we may feel less critical of the information that reinforces our assumptions, while dismissing anything that disagrees with us.

Look beyond your bubble

As Zaria Gorvett explains in her story on 'group polarisation', people naturally converge on the views of those around them – in both their physical and virtual neighbourhoods. So try talking to people with different views from your own, and look to news sources you wouldn't normally read. You might be surprised to find information that questions the facts you took for granted.

Be curious

Psychologist Tom Stafford suggests that we could all benefit from being more curious. Whereas education alone does little to prevent polarised thinking, people who are more curious appear to appraise scientific evidence in a more balanced way – so that they are not blinded by their existing ideology.

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为BBC官方译文，仅供参考

含注释全文：

How to avoid falling for lies and fake news

From: BBC

From claims that The Simpsons predicted Trump's presidency in the Year 2000 to the absurd story that the Queen has joked about assassinating Trump, our social media feeds are awash with lies and misunderstandings.

从2000年卡通片《辛普森一家》（The Simpsons）里曾经预测过特朗普将要当选美国总统，到英国女王曾经开玩笑说要暗杀特朗普？我们的社交媒体到处充斥着这些荒诞不经的谣言和假消息。

absurd /əbˈsɜːd, -ˈzɜːd/ 表示“荒谬的；荒唐的；怪诞不经的”，英文解释为“completely ridiculous; not logical and sensible ”举个🌰：Of course it's not true, what an absurd idea. 那当然不合乎事实，这个想法太荒唐了！

assassinate /əˈsæs.ɪ.neɪt/ 表示“暗杀，行刺”，英文解释为“to kill someone famous or important”

feed作动词，表示“供给；供应；（尤指规律地或连续地）把…放进（机器或系统）”，英文解释为“to supply something to a person or thing, or put something into a machine or system, especially in a regular or continuous way”举个🌰：The vegetables are fed into the machine at this end. 蔬菜从这头放进机器里。

feed一词，作名词时，不知道你有没有听过“Feed流”或者“信息流”这样的说法，熟悉互联网行业的人可能会比较了解，指的就是持续向用户提供内容更新的信息流服务，比如朋友圈（Moments），微博，抖音的形式，你可以以时间线或者兴趣度一条一条地往下刷或者说阅读。可以看下Web feed或者News feed的英文解释：a data format used for providing users with frequently updated content.

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述战斗机AI飞行员的文章中提到：Ms Broadbent's team is also experimenting with novel ways to deliver information to a pilot, from a Twitter-like feed to an anthropomorphic avatar. 布罗德本特的团队也在测试用推特式消息流、拟人化形象等各种新鲜方式向飞行员发送信息。

awash /əˈwɒʃ/ 表示“充满的；充斥的；泛滥的”，英文解释为“having an amount of something that is very large or larger than necessary or wanted”举个🌰：The city is awash with drugs and the police are powerless to do anything about it. 该城市毒品泛滥，警方对此束手无策。

🎬电影《猜火车》（Trainspotting）中的台词提到：The streets are awash with drugs you can have for unhappiness and pain, and we took them all. 失眠 失业 失恋什么都有的医（充满各种各样的药）我们当然照单全收。

Fortunately, psychologists are beginning to understand why we accept dubious claims that support our own viewpoint while neglecting facts that disagree with our views. We explore these strategies you can adopt to avoid being fooled.

幸好，心理学家已经研究了人们为什么愿意接受那些符合自我观点的可疑消息，而对与其观点相左的事实却不屑一顾的原因。只要采取以下策略，就能让你不被愚弄：

dubious /ˈdʒuː.bi.əs/ 表示“半信半疑的，可疑的；不确定的；不可信的”，英文解释为“thought not to be completely true or not able to be trusted”举个🌰：These claims are dubious and not scientifically proven. 这些说法未经科学证实，有些可疑。

🎬电影《唐璜》（Don Jon）中的台词提到：- Yo, Jonny, you coming out tonight? - That's dubious.-璜璜 你今晚出去吗 -不确定。

Be smart to doctored images 当心P过的图片

Images can also increase a story's cognitive fluency, but thanks to software like Photoshop, they can now be easily doctored, and you may not realise just how easily this can manipulate your memory of history. The site Slate once ran an experiment, in which they showed pictures of certain events – only some of which were real. When questioned afterwards, nearly half their readers claimed to have remembered the fake events actually occurring. It's just one method of subtle suggestion that could lend credibility to a lie. So try to look for multiple sources of information, and don't just rely on the evidence immediately in front of your eyes.

尽管图像能够提高一篇文章的"认知流畅度"，但是Photoshop等软件却能够轻易修改并扭曲一张图片的本来面貌，从而随意摆布你的历史记忆。Slate网站曾经做过一项实验，他们首先展示了某些事件的图片（只有部分事件是真实发生的），事后向阅读者提问。有将近半数的阅读者都称，他们都记得那些虚假事件是真实发生过的。这个例子表明，真的东西也可以成为假的。为了防止上当受骗，就要考察多个信息来源，不要让眼前的所谓证据迷住你的双眼。

熟词僻义，doctor作动词，可以表示“篡改，涂改”，英文解释为“to change a document in order to deceive people”举个🌰：He was found to have provided the court with doctored evidence. 他被发现向法庭提供了篡改过的证据。

📍提到doctor想到有意思的绕口令：When a doctor doctors another doctor, does he doctor the doctored doctor the way the doctored doctor wants to be doctored?

cognitive /ˈkɒɡ.nə.tɪv/ 表示“认知的；感知的；认识的”，英文解释为“Cognitive means relating to the mental process involved in knowing, learning, and understanding things.”举个🌰：As children grow older, their cognitive processes become sharper. 随着孩子们长大，他们的认知过程也变得越来越敏锐了。

manipulate /məˈnɪp.jə.leɪt/ 1）表示“操纵，控制”，英文解释为“to control something or someone to your advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly”举个🌰：Throughout her career she has very successfully manipulated the media. 她在整个职业生涯中非常成功地控制了媒体。

2）表示“（用手）操纵，控制”，英文解释为“to control something using the hands”举个🌰：The wheelchair is designed so that it is easy to manipulate. 轮椅设计得很容易用手控制。

类似的还有一个词rig.

📍rig表示“（采取不正当的手段）操纵；对…做手脚”，英文解释为“to arrange dishonestly for the result of something, for example an election, to be changed”举个🌰：He said the election had been rigged. 他说选举被人操纵了。

credibility /ˌkred.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/ 表示“可信性；可靠性”，英文解释为“If someone or something has credibility, people believe in them and trust them.”举个🌰：He complained that we had tried to undermine his credibility within the company. 他抱怨说我们企图损害他在公司的威信。

Accept your ignorance 不要认为自己无所不知

Many people suffer from over-confidence – the belief they know more than the average person. And our smartphones – with infinite knowledge at our finger-tips – can exacerbate this effect. As a result, we may feel less critical of the information that reinforces our assumptions, while dismissing anything that disagrees with us.

许多人过度自信——他们认为自己知道的要比一般人要多。在IT技术突飞猛进的当下，只需轻点指尖就能连接无限知识宝库的智能手机更加深了这种意识。由此，我们不会质疑那些能强化我们自我印象的信息，而对那些不符合自我口味的信息则弃之如敝履。

表示“无限的，无边的；极大的”，英文解释为“without limits; extremely large or great”举个🌰：The universe is theoretically infinite. 从理论上来讲，宇宙是无边无际的。

表示“近在手边；很容易得到；随时可供使用”，英文解释为“If you have information at your fingertips, you can get it and use it very easily.”举个🌰：He has all the latest statistics at his fingertips. 他手边有所有最新的数据。

exacerbate /ɪɡˈzæsəˌbeɪt/ 表示“使恶化；使加重”，英文解释为“to make a bad situation worse”举个🌰：She didn't want to exacerbate the situation. 她不想使情况变得更糟。

🎬电影《僵尸肖恩》（Shaun of the Dead）中的台词提到：And that will exacerbate things for all of us. 那会使我们事情恶化的。

Look beyond your bubble 扩大信息获取范围

As Zaria Gorvett explains in her story on 'group polarisation', people naturally converge on the views of those around them – in both their physical and virtual neighbourhoods. So try talking to people with different views from your own, and look to news sources you wouldn't normally read. You might be surprised to find information that questions the facts you took for granted.

扎利亚·戈维特（Zaria Gorvett）在一篇关于"群体极端化（group polarisation）"的文章中写道，人们的头脑总是受到周围群体——无论真实还是虚拟群体——的影响而出现意见趋同现象。所以，要尽量和那些与你意见相左的人交流，并且去阅读那些你一般不会去看的新闻来源。你会惊讶地发现，你早已习以为常的事情也绝非无懈可击。

韦氏词典公布2024年度词汇：Polarization. 英式 polarisation 美式 polarization /ˌpəʊ.lə.raɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ 表示“（尤指人或观点）两级分化”，英文解释为“the act of dividing something, especially something that contains different people or opinions, into two completely opposing groups”举个🌰：The polarization of society into rich and poor can clearly be seen in urban areas. 在都市地区可以清楚地看到社会贫富两极分化的现象。

converge /kənˈvɜːdʒ/ 1）表示“（观点等）趋于一致，趋同”，英文解释为“If ideas and opinions converge, they gradually become similar.”

2）表示“汇集；聚集；集中”，英文解释为“to move towards a place from different directions and meet”举个🌰：The paths all converge at the main gate of the park. 这几条小路都在公园正门处交会。

Be curious 保持好奇心

Psychologist Tom Stafford suggests that we could all benefit from being more curious. Whereas education alone does little to prevent polarised thinking, people who are more curious appear to appraise scientific evidence in a more balanced way – so that they are not blinded by their existing ideology.

心理学家汤姆·斯塔福德（Tom Stafford）认为，保持好奇心会让我们受益。教育本身不会防止极端化思想，好奇心强的人则更为平衡的方式评估科学证据，而不会被偏见遮住双眼。

blind /blaɪnd/ 作动词，1）表示“使变瞎；使失明”，英文解释为“to make someone unable to see, permanently or for a short time”

2）表示“蒙蔽；使无辨别力”，英文解释为“to make someone unable to notice or understand something”举个🌰：We shouldn't let our prejudices blind us to the facts of the situation. 我们一定不能让偏见蒙蔽自己而看不清实际形势。

作名词，熟词僻义，表示“百叶窗；窗帘”，英文解释为“a cover for a window made of a single piece or strips of cloth, paper, or plastic that is pulled up or down by a string”

ideology /ˌaɪ.diˈɒl.ə.dʒi/ 表示“思想（体系）；思想意识；意识形态”，英文解释为“a set of beliefs or principles, especially one on which a political system, party, or organization is based”

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