缅甸地震的原因是什么？

🤔️小作业：

1. Why does the article mention the Himalayas and the 2004 Tsunami?

A) To illustrate the destructive power of earthquakes in South-East Asia.

B) To compare different types of natural disasters caused by plate tectonics.

C) To show how the Indian plate's movement has historically shaped the region.

D) To emphasize that earthquakes in Myanmar are usually followed by tsunamis.

无注释原文：

What caused the Myanmar earthquake?

From: BBC

A major earthquake in Myanmar on Friday has caused more than 1,600 deaths and led to the collapse of numerous structures.

Even though the south-east Asian nation is a high risk region for earthquakes, neighbouring Thailand and China - which were also affected by the quake - are not.

The Thai capital, Bangkok, sits more than 1,000km (621 miles) from the epicentre of Friday's earthquake.

Here we will explain what caused this earthquake.

What caused the earthquake?

The earth's upper layer is split into different sections, called tectonic plates, which are all moving constantly. Some move alongside each other, whilst others are above and below each other.

It is this movement that causes earthquakes and volcanoes.

Myanmar is considered to be one of the most geologically "active" areas in the world because it sits on top of the convergence of four of these tectonic plates - the Eurasian plate, the Indian plate, the Sunda plate and the Burma microplate.

The Himalayas were formed by the Indian plate colliding with the Eurasian plate, and the 2004 Tsunami as a result of the Indian plate moving beneath the Burma microplate.

Dr Rebecca Bell, a reader in tectonics at Imperial College London, said that to accommodate all of this motion, faults - cracks in the rock - form which allow tectonic plates to "slither" sideways.

There is a major fault called the Sagaing fault, which cuts right through Myanmar north to south and is more than 1,200km (746 miles) long.

Early data suggests that the movement that caused Friday's 7.7-magnitude earthquake was a "strike-slip" - where two blocks move horizontally along each other.

This aligns with the movement typical of the Sagaing fault.

As the plates move past each other, they can become stuck, building friction until it is suddenly released and the earth shifts, causing an earthquake.

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为BBC官方译文，仅供参考

含注释全文：

What caused the Myanmar earthquake?

From: BBC

A major earthquake in Myanmar on Friday has caused more than 1,600 deaths and led to the collapse of numerous structures.

缅甸周五（3月28日）发生里氏7.7级（芮氏规模7.7）的大地震，已造成1600多人死亡，并导致许多建筑物倒塌。

collapse /kəˈlæps/ 作名词，表示“（系统、组织、企业等的）崩溃，瓦解，失败”，英文解释为“the sudden failure of a system, organization, business, etc.”举个🌰：I don't know what caused the collapse of her marriage. 我不知道她婚姻失败的原因是什么。

作动词，1）表示“崩溃，垮掉，失败”，英文解释为“to suddenly be unable to continue or work correctly”举个🌰：Talks between management and unions have collapsed. 劳资谈判彻底破裂。

2）表示“倒塌，坍塌；崩溃，垮掉”，英文解释为“to fall down suddenly because of pressure or having no strength or support”举个🌰：Thousands of buildings collapsed in the earthquake. 数以千计的建筑物在地震中倒塌了。

3）表示“（因疾病或虚弱而）倒下，昏倒”，英文解释为“If someone collapses, they fall down because of being sick or weak.”举个🌰：He collapsed and died of a heart attack. 他心脏病发作，倒地而亡。

Even though the south-east Asian nation is a high risk region for earthquakes, neighbouring Thailand and China - which were also affected by the quake - are not.

尽管这个东南亚国家是地震高风险地区，但邻国泰国和中国也受到了地震的影响。

earthquake的非正式说法，表示“地震”

The Thai capital, Bangkok, sits more than 1,000km (621 miles) from the epicentre of Friday's earthquake.

泰国首都曼谷距离周五地震的震央超过1000 公里（621英里）。

sit /sɪt/ 1）表示“坐落在，位于”，英文解释为“to be in a particular position”举个🌰：The town sits at/in the bottom of a valley. 村庄位于谷底。

2）表示“参加考试”，英文解释为“to take an exam”举个🌰：After I've sat my exams, I'm going on holiday. 考试结束后，我将去度假。

Here we will explain what caused this earthquake.

BBC在这里将分析这次地震的原因。

What caused the earthquake? 地震发生的原因是什么？

The earth's upper layer is split into different sections, called tectonic plates, which are all moving constantly. Some move alongside each other, whilst others are above and below each other.

地球上层被分割成不同的区块，称为构造板块，这些板块都在不断移动。有些板块彼此并排移动，有些则彼此上下移动。

表示“构造板块；地壳板块”，英文解释为“one of the parts of the earth's surface that move in relation to each other”

作名词，plate /pleɪt/ 1）表示“盘子，碟子”，英文解释为“a flat, usually round dish with a slightly raised edge that you eat from or serve food from”如：paper/plastic/china plates 纸/塑料/瓷盘子。

2）表示“平板；板条；板材”，英文解释为“a flat piece of something that is hard and does not bend”

Plate在地质学中特指tectonic plate 构造板块，即地球岩石圈（lithosphere）被分割成的刚性巨块。常见搭配：Plate tectonics 板块构造学说，Plate boundary 板块边界，Continental/oceanic plate 大陆板块/大洋板块。

作动词，表示“镀上；用（金、银等）覆镀”，英文解释为“to cover a metal object with a thin layer of another metal, especially gold or silver”举个🌰：We normally plate the car handles with nickel and then chrome. 我们通常先用镍再用铬来镀汽车的拉手。

whilst /waɪlst/ 同while，表示“当…时；在…的过程中；虽然，尽管”，英文解释为“Whilst means the same as the conjunction while”

📍“whilst”是“while”的正式或英式英语用法，表示在做某事的“同时”或表达“虽然”的对比关系。

区分：

📍whistle /ˈwɪsəl/作名词表示“哨子，口哨声”（a small object that produces a high whistling sound when you blow into it）

It is this movement that causes earthquakes and volcanoes.

正是这种移动造成了地震和火山爆发。

Myanmar is considered to be one of the most geologically "active" areas in the world because it sits on top of the convergence of four of these tectonic plates - the Eurasian plate, the Indian plate, the Sunda plate and the Burma microplate.

缅甸被认为是世界上地质最 “活跃 ”的地区之一，因为它位于其中四个构造板块——欧亚板块、印度板块、巽他板块和缅甸微板块——的交汇处。

convergence /kənˈvɜː.dʒəns/ 表示“（观点等）趋于一致，趋同；会合，聚集”，英文解释为“the fact that two or more things, ideas, etc. become similar or come together”如：a convergence of interests/opinions/ideas 利益/观点/想法趋同。

The Himalayas were formed by the Indian plate colliding with the Eurasian plate, and the 2004 Tsunami as a result of the Indian plate moving beneath the Burma microplate.

喜马拉雅山脉是由印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞形成的，2004年的海啸是由印度板块移动到缅甸微板块下方造成的。

collide /kəˈlaɪd/ 表示“碰撞，相撞”，英文解释为“to hit something or someone that is moving in a different direction from you”举个🌰：Two trains collided head-on (= when they were moving directly towards each other ) . 两辆火车迎头相撞。

collide除了指物理上的碰撞，也可以表示“（不同的观念、想法等）碰撞（而产生有趣结果）”举个🌰：Istanbul is the place where East and West collide. 伊斯坦布尔是东西方文化交会的地方。

collide还有“（目标、观点或利益等）相抵触；相冲突”的意思，英文解释为“If the aims, opinions, or interests of one person or group collide with those of another person or group, they are very different from each other and are therefore opposed.”举个🌰：The aims of the negotiators in New York again seem likely to collide with the aims of the warriors in the field. 纽约谈判者的目标看起来可能再次与战场上勇士们的目标相冲突。

和collide类似的表达有：

📍crash表示“使…撞毁; 撞毁（撞车，坠机）”，英文解释为“If a moving vehicle crashes or if the driver crashes it, it hits something and is damaged or destroyed.”举个🌰：Her car crashed into the rear of a van. 她的汽车撞毁了一辆面包车的尾部。

crash还表示“（发出巨响）猛撞，猛击”，英文解释为“to hit something or someone extremely hard while moving, in a way that causes a lot of damage or makes a lot of noise”举个🌰：We watched the waves crashing against the rocks. 我们看着海浪哗啦哗啦地冲击岩石。

📍smash表示“（使）猛撞，猛击，猛掷”，英文解释为“to hit an object or surface violently, or to make something do this”举个🌰：A stolen car smashed into the bus. 一辆被偷的汽车猛地撞上了公共汽车。The bottle smashed against a wall. 那瓶子撞到了一面墙上。

smash还表示“打碎; 破碎”，英文解释为“If you smash something or if it smashes, it breaks into many pieces, for example, when it is hit or dropped.”举个🌰：Someone smashed a bottle. 有人打碎了一个瓶子。

tsunami /tsuːˈnɑː.mi/ 表示“海啸”，英文解释为“an extremely large wave caused by a violent movement of the earth under the sea”

Dr Rebecca Bell, a reader in tectonics at Imperial College London, said that to accommodate all of this motion, faults - cracks in the rock - form which allow tectonic plates to "slither" sideways.

伦敦帝国学院的地质构造学讲师丽贝卡·贝尔博士（Dr Rebecca Bell）表示，为了容纳所有这些运动，断层（岩层中的裂缝）的形成让地质板块可以向侧面“滑动”。

一般用Reader，R大写，表示“（英国大学仅次于教授的）准教授；高级讲师”，英文解释为“a teacher, at British universities, just under the rank of professor”举个🌰：He is a Reader in History at Dublin University. 他是都柏林大学的历史学准教授。

tectonics /tekˈtɒn.ɪks/ 表示“地壳构造，地壳飘移”，英文解释为“processes that relate to the structure of the earth's surface and the way it is formed, changed, and moved by forces inside it”举个🌰：Over millions of years, tectonics split some lands apart and send others crashing together. 在数百万年的时间里，地壳飘移将一些陆地分裂开来又让另一些陆地相撞。

imperial /ɪmˈpɪə.ri.əl/ 表示“帝国的；皇帝的”，英文解释为“belonging or relating to an empire or the person or country that rules it”如：Britain's imperial past 英国的帝国史。

accommodate /əˈkɒm.ə.deɪt/ 1）表示“为（某人）提供住宿（或膳宿、座位等）”，英文解释为“to provide sb with a room or place to sleep, live or sit”举个🌰：The hotel can accommodate up to 123 guests. 这家旅馆可供123位旅客住宿。

2）表示“容纳；为…提供空间”，英文解释为“to provide enough space for sb/sth”举个🌰：Over 10 minutes of music can be accommodated on one CD. 一张激光唱片可以容纳10多分钟的音乐。

3）表示“为…提供方便；对…予以照顾性考虑”，英文解释为“to give what is needed to someone”举个🌰：We always try to accommodate (= help) our clients with financial assistance if necessary. 必要时，我们总是尽力为客户提供财务上的帮助。

4）表示“考虑到；顾及”，英文解释为“to consider sth, such as sb's opinion or a fact, and be influenced by it when you are deciding what to do or explaining sth”举个🌰：Our proposal tries to accommodate the special needs of minority groups. 我们的提案尽量照顾到少数群体的特殊需要。

5）表示“顺应，适应（新情况）”，英文解释为“to change your behaviour so that you can deal with a new situation better”举个🌰：I needed to accommodate to the new schedule. 我需要适应新的时间表。

fault /fɒlt/ 作动词，表示“找…的缺点，挑剔；指责”，英文解释为“to find a reason to criticize someone or something”举个🌰：I can't fault the way they dealt with the complaint. 他们处理投诉的方式我无可挑剔。

作名词，熟词僻义，表示“（地表的）断层”，英文解释为“to have done something wrong: ”举个🌰：Her doctor was at fault for/in not sending her straight to a specialist. 她的医生没有把她直接送到专科医生那里去治疗，在这一点上是有责任的。

fault line 1）表示“（地球表面的）断层线”，英文解释为“a fault (= a break in the earth's surface)”

2）表示“（潜在的）问题，隐忧”，英文解释为“a problem that may not be obvious and could cause something to fail”举个🌰：The fault lines of imperfect peace deals are already showing. 因和平协议不完善而引发的潜在问题已经开始显现。

slither /ˈslɪð.ər/ 表示“（躯体）蜿蜒而行，曲折滑行”，英文解释为“(of bodies) to move easily and quickly across a surface while twisting or curving”举个🌰：She watched the snake slither away. 她看着蛇游走了。

There is a major fault called the Sagaing fault, which cuts right through Myanmar north to south and is more than 1,200km (746 miles) long.

有一个主要的断层叫做实皆断层 （Sagaing fault），从北到南贯穿缅甸，长度超过1200公里（746英里）。

实皆（Sagaing），是缅甸的中部城市，实皆省首府。

Early data suggests that the movement that caused Friday's 7.7-magnitude earthquake was a "strike-slip" - where two blocks move horizontally along each other.

初步数据显示，周五发生的7.7级地震是由“走滑断层”运动引起的——即两个地块沿着彼此水平移动。

horizontally /ˌhɒr.ɪˈzɒn.təl.i/ 表示“水平地”，英文解释为“in a way that is parallel to the ground or to the bottom or top edge of something”举个🌰：Slice the carrots in half horizontally. 将胡萝卜水平切成两半。

This aligns with the movement typical of the Sagaing fault.

这与实皆断层的典型运动一致。

align /əˈlaɪn/ 1）表示“排整齐；校准；（尤指）使成一条直线”，英文解释为“to arrange sth in the correct position, or to be in the correct position, in relation to sth else, especially in a straight line”举个🌰：Make sure the shelf is aligned with the top of the cupboard. 务必使搁架与橱柜顶端对齐。

2）表示“使一致”，英文解释为“to change sth slightly so that it is in the correct relationship to sth else”举个🌰：Prices have been aligned with those in world markets. 价格已调整到与世界市场一致。

As the plates move past each other, they can become stuck, building friction until it is suddenly released and the earth shifts, causing an earthquake.

当板块相互移动时，它们可能会卡住，积累摩擦，直到突然释放，地球发生移动，从而引发地震。

friction /ˈfrɪk.ʃən/ 表示“（观点不同者之间的）摩擦，不和”，英文解释为“disagreement or unfriendliness caused by people having different opinions”举个🌰：There's a lot of friction between my wife and my mother. 我妻子和我母亲之间有很多龃龉。

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