长期喝咖啡的人后来都怎么样了

今天你练听力了吗？

🤔️小作业：

1. What is the primary message the author conveys about the relationship between coffee consumption and health?

A. Drinking large amounts of sweetened coffee significantly boosts your energy.

B. Coffee drinkers have a healthier lifestyle than non-drinkers in general.

C. Moderate coffee intake might be associated with a reduced risk of death.

D. Everyone should start drinking coffee to live longer.

无注释原文：

Coffee Drinking Linked to Lower Mortality Risk, New Study Finds

From: The New York Times

That morning cup of coffee may be linked to a lower risk of dying, researchers from a study published Monday in The Annals of Internal Medicine concluded. Those who drank 1.5 to 3.5 cups of coffee per day, even with a teaspoon of sugar, were up to 30 percent less likely to die during the study period than those who didn't drink coffee. Those who drank unsweetened coffee were 16 to 21 percent less likely to die during the study period, with those drinking about three cups per day having the lowest risk of death when compared with noncoffee drinkers.

Researchers analyzed coffee consumption data collected from the U.K. Biobank, a large medical database with health information from people across Britain. They analyzed demographic, lifestyle and dietary information collected from more than 170,000 people between the ages of 37 and 73 over a median follow-up period of seven years. The mortality risk remained lower for people who drank both decaffeinated and caffeinated coffee. The data was inconclusive for those who drank coffee with artificial sweeteners.

“It's huge. There are very few things that reduce your mortality by 30 percent,” said Dr. Christina Wee, an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and a deputy editor of the scientific journal where the study was published. Dr. Wee edited the study and published a corresponding editorial in the same journal.

There are, however, major caveats to interpreting this research, she added. This is an observational study, which means the data cannot conclusively prove that coffee itself lowers the risk of dying; there may be other lifestyle factors contributing to that lower mortality risk among people who drink coffee, like a healthy diet or a consistent exercise routine.

The average amount of added sugar per cup of sweetened coffee in the study was a little more than a teaspoon — far less than what is typically added to many sugary drinks at coffee chains across the country. A tall Caramel Macchiato at Starbucks, for instance, contains 25 grams of sugar, about five times as much sugar as a sweetened cup of coffee from the study.

Despite the encouraging evidence about coffee, there isn't enough data to suggest that people who don't currently drink coffee should add a stop to Starbucks during their morning routines, Dr. Wee said. And even avid coffee drinkers shouldn't use the study to justify endless cups of java. The study showed that the benefits of coffee tapered off for people who drank more than 4.5 cups of coffee each day. Past studies have shown that consuming “extreme amounts” — over seven cups per day — can take a toll, she said.

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注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为纽约时报官方译文，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Coffee Drinking Linked to Lower Mortality Risk, New Study Finds

From: The New York Times

That morning cup of coffee may be linked to a lower risk of dying, researchers from a study published Monday in The Annals of Internal Medicine concluded. Those who drank 1.5 to 3.5 cups of coffee per day, even with a teaspoon of sugar, were up to 30 percent less likely to die during the study period than those who didn't drink coffee. Those who drank unsweetened coffee were 16 to 21 percent less likely to die during the study period, with those drinking about three cups per day having the lowest risk of death when compared with noncoffee drinkers.

周一发表于《内科学纪事》的一项研究中，研究者得出结论，早上喝一杯咖啡可能与较低的死亡风险有关。在研究期间，每天喝1.5至3.5杯咖啡的人——即使加了一匙糖——比不喝咖啡的人的死亡风险低30%。在研究期间，每天喝不加糖咖啡的人死亡风险降低了16%到21%，与不喝咖啡的人相比，每天喝三杯咖啡的人死亡风险最低。

annal /ˈæn.əl/ 1）通常复数annals，表示“科学期刊”，英文解释为“a serious magazine or newspaper that is published regularly about a scientific subject”举个🌰：The new guidelines are published in today's Annals of Internal Medicine. 新的指南发表在今天的《内科学年鉴》上。

2）表示“（国家、组织、群体的）历史，历史记录”，英文解释为“historical records of the activities of a country, organization, group, etc.； history in general”举个🌰：The signing of the Treaty of Rome was the greatest event in the annals of European integration. 《罗马条约》的签署是欧洲一体化史上最伟大的事件。

3）表示“年鉴；编年史”，英文解释为“a record of the events of one year”

teaspoon /ˈtiː.spuːn/ 表示“（度量单位）茶匙（含0.17374盎司或4.93毫升）”，英文解释为“a spoon that contains 0.17374 ounces or 4.93 mililitres , used for measuring food”

unsweetened /ʌnˈswiː.tənd/ 表示“未加糖的，未加甜味料的”，英文解释为“with no sugar or other sweet substances added”如：unsweetened cranberry juice 未加糖的蔓越莓汁。

Researchers analyzed coffee consumption data collected from the U.K. Biobank, a large medical database with health information from people across Britain. They analyzed demographic, lifestyle and dietary information collected from more than 170,000 people between the ages of 37 and 73 over a median follow-up period of seven years. The mortality risk remained lower for people who drank both decaffeinated and caffeinated coffee. The data was inconclusive for those who drank coffee with artificial sweeteners.

研究者分析的咖啡摄入数据来自英国生物医学库，这个大型医学数据库涵盖了英国各地民众的健康信息。他们分析了17万人的人口学信息、生活方式和饮食信息，这些人的年龄范围在37岁至73岁之间，随访期中位数为7年。喝咖啡的人死亡风险更低，无论咖啡中是否含咖啡因。该数据对于在咖啡中添加人工甜味剂的人尚无定论。

database /ˈdeɪ.tə.beɪs/ 表示“（计算机）资料库，数据库”，英文解释为“a large amount of information stored in a computer system in such a way that it can be easily looked at or changed”举个🌰：We're linked to the online database at our head office. 我们与总部的网上数据库联网。

demographic /ˌdem.əˈɡræf.ɪk/ 1）作形容词，表示“人口的；人口统计的；人口学的”，英文解释为“relating to demography (= the study of populations and the different groups that make them up)”举个🌰：There have been monumental social and demographic changes in the country. 该国的社会和人口状况已经发生了巨大的变化。

2）作名词，表示“（顾客）族群”，英文解释为“a group of people, for example customers, who are similar in age, social class, etc.”举个🌰：This demographic (young teenagers) is the fastest-growing age group using the site. 该族群（十几岁的年轻人）是使用这个网站人数增长最快的年龄群体。

📍demographics /ˌdem.əˈɡræf.ɪks/ 表示“人口统计数据，人口统计结果”，英文解释为“the number and characteristics of people who live in a particular area or form a particular group, especially in relation to their age, how much money they have and what they spend it on”举个🌰：The demographics of the country have changed dramatically in recent years. 近年来该国的人口统计数据发生了巨大的变化。

dietary /ˈdaɪ.ə.tər.i/ 表示“饮食的”，英文解释为“relating to your diet”举个🌰：Dietary habits can be very difficult to change. 饮食习惯很难改变。

median /ˈmiː.di.ən/ 表示“中位数”，英文解释为“the value that is the middle one in a set of values arranged in order of size”

mortality /mɔːˈtælɪtɪ/ 表示“死亡数量；死亡率”，英文解释为“the number of deaths in a particular situation or period of time”

区分：

📍morbidity /mɔːˈbɪdɪtɪ/ 表示“发病（率）”，英文解释为“the morbidity of a disease is how many people have it in a particular population”

decaffeinated /diːˈkæf.ɪ.neɪ.tɪd/ 表示“（咖啡或茶）无咖啡因的”，英文解释为“Decaffeinated coffee or tea from has had the caffeine (= a chemical substance) removed.”

inconclusive /ˌɪn.kəŋˈkluː.sɪv/ 表示“无结果的；无定论的”，英文解释为“not giving or having a result or decision”举个🌰：The evidence is inconclusive. 这项证据是没有说服力的。

表示“人造的，人工的；仿造的”，英文解释为“made by people, often as a copy of something natural”如：clothes made of artificial fibres 人造纤维面料的服装。

表示“甜味剂，甜化剂”，英文解释为“an artificial substance that has a similar taste to sugar, or a small pill made of this”

“It's huge. There are very few things that reduce your mortality by 30 percent,” said Dr. Christina Wee, an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and a deputy editor of the scientific journal where the study was published. Dr. Wee edited the study and published a corresponding editorial in the same journal.

“这一发现意义重大。很少有因素能够将死亡风险降低30%，”哈佛医学院医学副教授克里斯蒂娜·韦伊博士说，她是发表该研究的科学期刊的副主编。韦伊博士是这篇研究论文的编辑，并在同一期刊发表了一篇通讯评论。

There are, however, major caveats to interpreting this research, she added. This is an observational study, which means the data cannot conclusively prove that coffee itself lowers the risk of dying; there may be other lifestyle factors contributing to that lower mortality risk among people who drink coffee, like a healthy diet or a consistent exercise routine.

然而，她补充说，在理解这项研究时，有一些地方要非常小心。这是一项观察性研究，意味着这些数据不能最终证明咖啡本身可以降低死亡风险；喝咖啡的人可能还有其他生活方式方面的因素，有助于降低他们的死亡率，例如健康的饮食或坚持锻炼的习惯。

caveat /ˈkeɪvɪˌæt/ 表示“（进一步行动前的）警告，告诫；限制条款”，英文解释为“a warning to consider something before taking any more action, or a statement that limits a more general statement”举个🌰：He agreed to the interview, with the caveat that he could approve the final article. 他答应接受访问，条件是访问稿刊登前须经他同意。

The average amount of added sugar per cup of sweetened coffee in the study was a little more than a teaspoon — far less than what is typically added to many sugary drinks at coffee chains across the country. A tall Caramel Macchiato at Starbucks, for instance, contains 25 grams of sugar, about five times as much sugar as a sweetened cup of coffee from the study.

在这项研究中，平均每杯加糖咖啡的加糖量稍高于一茶匙——远远低于英国各地的咖啡连锁店通常在许多甜味饮品中的添加量。例如，星巴克的一杯中杯焦糖玛奇朵含25克糖，大概是该研究中加糖咖啡糖量的五倍。

gram /ɡræm/ 表示“（质量单位）克”，英文解释为“a unit of mass equal to 0.001 kilograms”

📍gram for gram是一个表示按重量比较的短语，意思是“每克相比”，或者“按克数计算”。这个表达用来比较两种或多种物品在相同重量下的某些特性或含量。

Despite the encouraging evidence about coffee, there isn't enough data to suggest that people who don't currently drink coffee should add a stop to Starbucks during their morning routines, Dr. Wee said. And even avid coffee drinkers shouldn't use the study to justify endless cups of java. The study showed that the benefits of coffee tapered off for people who drank more than 4.5 cups of coffee each day. Past studies have shown that consuming “extreme amounts” — over seven cups per day — can take a toll, she said.

韦伊博士说，尽管关于咖啡的证据令人鼓舞，但没有足够的数据表明，目前不喝咖啡的人应该在早上去一趟星巴克。即使是狂热的咖啡爱好者也不应该用这项研究来证明没完没了喝咖啡的合理性。研究表明，对于每天喝超过4.5杯咖啡的人来说，咖啡的好处逐渐减少。她说，过去的研究表明，每天超过七杯的“极端摄入量”有损健康。

avid /ˈæv.ɪd/ 表示“渴望的；急切的；热衷的；劲头十足的”，英文解释为“extremely eager or interested”如：an avid football fan 狂热的足球迷。

taper /ˈteɪ.pər/ 作名词，表示“细枝小蜡烛；点火木片；灯芯；烛芯”，英文解释为“a very thin candle or a very thin strip of wood, used especially in the past for lighting candles, fires, etc.”也可以表示“渐减；逐渐缩小（或变细）”，英文解释“the way that sth gradually decreases in size, becoming thinner”

📍taper off表示“逐渐变小；逐步减弱；使（数目等）逐渐减少；降低…程度”，英文解释为“to become gradually smaller or weaker, or happen less often；to make sth become gradually less in number, amount, degree, etc.”举个🌰：Her voice tapered off as she realized everyone was listening. 当她意识到大家都在听时，她的声音就越来越小了。They are gradually tapering off production of the older models.他们在逐步减少生产旧型号的产品。

take its/a toll 表示“造成损失（或伤亡、破坏）”，英文解释为“If something takes its/a toll, it causes suffering, deaths, or damage.”举个🌰：The problems of the past few months have taken their toll on her health and there are shadows under her eyes. 过去几个月里的问题影响了她的健康，她眼睛出现了黑眼圈。

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