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今天你练听力了吗？

🤔️小作业：

1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a technique to manage earworms?

A. Cognitive reframing

B. Accepting the song instead of resisting it

C. Listening to loud external music

D. Chewing gum to disrupt inner hearing

无注释原文：

Why you can't get a song out of your head and what to do about it

From: Harvard Health Publishing

“Earworms” are unwanted catchy tunes that repeat in your head. These relentless tunes play in a loop in up to 98% of people in the western world. For two-thirds of people they are neutral to positive, but the remaining third find it disturbing or annoying when these songs wriggle their way into the brain's memory centers and set up home, threatening to disrupt their inner peace.

Why might earworms be good for you?

There is a particular characteristic of music that lends itself to becoming an earworm. In contrast to our daily speech, music typically has repetition built into it. Can you imagine how absurd it would be if people repeated themselves in chorus? Yet, though repetition of speech is associated with childishness, regression, and even insanity, in the case of music it may signify a process that becomes pleasurable when it is understood through repetition. Also, each time music repeats, you hear something subtly different. This learning may constitute one of the positive aspects of earworms. Also, earworms are a form of spontaneous mental activity, and mind-wandering states confer various advantages to the brain, contributing to clear thinking and creativity.

Are earworms ever worrisome?

Not all “stuck songs” are benign. Sometimes they occur with obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychotic syndromes, migraine headaches, unusual forms of epilepsy, or a condition known as palinacousis — when you continue to hear a sound long after it has disappeared. Persistent earworms (lasting more than 24 hours) may be caused by many different illnesses, such as stroke or cancer metastasizing to the brain. A physician can help you determine if your earworm is serious or not.

How do you get rid of earworms?

If you've had enough of your earworm and need to stop it in its tracks, you would be well warned not to try to block the song out, but rather to passively accept it. A determined effort to block the song out may result in the very opposite of what you want. Called “ironic process” and studied extensively by psychologist Daniel Wegner, resisting the song may make your brain keep playing it over and over again.

Other techniques found to be helpful include those from cognitive behavioral therapy, such as replacing dysfunctional thoughts like “These earworms indicate I am crazy” with “It is normal to have earworms.” A less intuitive cure for earworms is chewing gum. It interferes with hearing the song in your head.

In most cases, earworms are neutral to pleasant, not serious, and may even be part of your brain's creative process. In a few cases, especially when they continue for more than 24 hours, earworms may indicate something more serious. In those cases, seeing your primary care physician may help you metaphorically take the needle off the stuck record so that you can regain your peace of mind.

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Why you can't get a song out of your head and what to do about it

From: Harvard Health Publishing

“Earworms” are unwanted catchy tunes that repeat in your head. These relentless tunes play in a loop in up to 98% of people in the western world. For two-thirds of people they are neutral to positive, but the remaining third find it disturbing or annoying when these songs wriggle their way into the brain's memory centers and set up home, threatening to disrupt their inner peace.

“耳虫”是指那些在脑中反复播放，挥之不去的旋律。据统计，多达98%的西方人曾经历过这种现象。对三分之二的人来说，这些旋律是中性或愉悦的，但对剩下三分之一的人而言，这些旋律就像钻进了脑海深处，死死盘踞，不仅令人心烦意乱，还可能干扰正常思维。

字面意思就是“耳朵虫”，表示“常在耳边回响的歌曲；（因不断在脑中重复而恼人的）上口曲调”，英文解释为“a song that you keep hearing in your head”。

catchy /ˈkætʃi,ˈketʃi/ 表示“（乐曲、名字、广告）引人注意的；容易记住的；动人的”，英文解释为“If you describe a tune, name, or advertisement as catchy, you mean that it is attractive and easy to remember.”如：a song with catchy lyrics 歌词琅琅上口的歌曲。

tune /tjuːn, tʃuːn/ 作动词，表示“为（乐器）调音（或定弦）”，英文解释为“to change a part of a musical instrument so that the instrument produces the correct sounds when played”举个🌰：Get into the habit of tuning your guitar every day before you practise. 要养成习惯，每天练习前都给吉他调一下音。

作名词，tune /tʃuːn/ 表示“曲调，曲子；旋律”，英文解释为“a series of musical notes, especially one that is pleasant and easy to remember”举个🌰：He was humming a tune as he dried the dishes. 他边哼着调子边擦干碗碟。

📍fine-tune /ˌfaɪnˈtʃuːn/ 表示“对…进行微调”，英文解释为“to make very small changes to something in order to make it work as well as possible”举个🌰：She spent hours fine-tuning her speech. 她花了好几个小时对自己的讲稿作细微的修改润饰。

relentless /rɪˈlent.ləs/ 表示“毫不留情的；持续严厉的；持续强烈的；不放弃的”，英文解释为“Something bad that is relentless never stops or never becomes less intense.”如：relentless criticism/pressure 不断的严厉批评/施压，relentless heat 持续高温，举个🌰：The pressure now was relentless. 压力现在毫无减弱之意。

loop /luːp/ 表示“圆圈，环形”，英文解释为“the curved shape made when something long and thin, such as a piece of string, bends until one part of it nearly touches or crosses another part of it”如：belt loops 腰带。

📍in/on a loop 表示“循环，循环方式”，英文解释为“If something runs in a loop, or is on a loop, it runs continuously, so that the same things are repeated again and again.”举个🌰：The tape ran in a continuous loop, repeating the same songs over and over. 这盘磁带处于循环播放状态，反反复复地播放那几首歌曲。

📍闭环管理（制度）The closed-loop management system。

loop 作动词，1）表示“缠绕；弯曲”，英文解释为“If something runs in a loop, or is on a loop, it runs continuously, so that the same things are repeated again and again”举个🌰：Loop the rope over the bar. 用绳子在栏杆上缠一圈。

2）表示“成环形运动”，英文解释为“to move in a way that makes the shape of a loop”举个🌰：The river loops around the valley. 那条河顺着山谷绕了个大弯儿。

neutral /ˈnuː.trəl/ 作形容词，表示“中立的，不偏不倚的”，英文解释为“not saying or doing anything that would encourage or help any of the groups involved in an argument or war”举个🌰：It's important that I remain neutral. 我保持中立是很重要的。

作名词，表示“中立者”，英文解释为“a neutral person or thing”举个🌰：Sweden and Switzerland were neutrals during the war. 在战争期间，瑞典和瑞士是中立国。

wriggle /ˈrɪɡ.əl/ 1）表示“扭动；蠕动”，英文解释为“to twist your body, or move part of your body, with small, quick movements”举个🌰：A large worm wriggled in the freshly dug earth. 一条大虫子在新翻过的地里蠕动。

2）表示“蜿蜒前行；扭动爬行”，英文解释为“to move somewhere using short, quick twisting movements”举个🌰：The tunnel was low and dark, but she managed to wriggle through to the other side. 地道又低又暗，但她还是设法爬到了另一端。

Why might earworms be good for you? 耳虫为何可能对你有益？

There is a particular characteristic of music that lends itself to becoming an earworm. In contrast to our daily speech, music typically has repetition built into it. Can you imagine how absurd it would be if people repeated themselves in chorus? Yet, though repetition of speech is associated with childishness, regression, and even insanity, in the case of music it may signify a process that becomes pleasurable when it is understood through repetition. Also, each time music repeats, you hear something subtly different. This learning may constitute one of the positive aspects of earworms. Also, earworms are a form of spontaneous mental activity, and mind-wandering states confer various advantages to the brain, contributing to clear thinking and creativity.

音乐天生带有重复的特质，这使它极易变成“耳虫”。相比之下，我们平日说话几乎不会反复吟唱，否则看起来会非常滑稽。虽然语言的重复常与幼稚、退化甚至精神失常有关，但在音乐中，它却能通过重复带来愉悦的体验。而且，每一次重复你可能都会听出不同的细节。正因如此，“耳虫”也是大脑一种无意识的活动，而这种心智游离状态其实对提升思维清晰度、激发灵感都有帮助。

chorus /ˈkɔːrəs/ 1）表示“齐声，异口同声”，英文解释为“the sound of a lot of people expressing approval or disapproval at the same time”

2）表示“ （通常在歌曲每一节后的）副歌，合唱部分；合唱曲”，英文解释为“part of a song that is repeated several times, usually after each verse (= set of lines)”

3）表示“歌舞队；伴舞；伴唱”，英文解释为“a group of performers who, as a team, sing or dance in a show”

regression /rɪˈɡreʃ.ən/ 表示“（病症）消退”，英文解释为“the fact of an illness or its symptoms (= effects) becoming less severe”举个🌰：The treatment was more effective than tamoxifen, which causes complete regression in only about 30% of cases. 这种治疗比他莫昔芬更为有效，只有约30%的患者在接受他莫昔芬治疗后病症完全消退。

2）表示“回归（分析）”，英文解释为“A regression is a statistical technique that relates a dependent variable to one or more independent (explanatory) variables.”

表示“精神失常；精神错乱；精神病；疯狂”，英文解释为“the state of being insane”举个🌰：He was found not guilty, by reason of insanity. 他以精神失常为理由获判无罪。

1）表示“表示；意味着”，英文解释为“If an event, a sign, or a symbol signifies something, it is a sign of that thing or represents that thing.”举个🌰：These were not the only changes that signified the end of boyhood. 这些不是表示男孩时代已结束的唯一变化。

2）表示“（用符号或手势）表达”，英文解释为“If you signify something, you make a sign or gesture in order to communicate a particular meaning.”举个🌰：Two jurors signified their dissent. 两个陪审员表达了他们的异议。

🎬电影《不死鸟》（Phoenix）中的台词提到：What do the circles signify? 圆圈是什么意思？

🎬电影《我，机器人》（I, Robot）中的台词提到：What does this action signify? 这个动作是什么意思？

constitute /ˈkɒn.stɪ.tʃuːt/ 除了表示“组成”，等同于make up，还可以表示“构成，被视为，被算作”，英文解释为“If something constitutes a particular thing, it can be regarded as being that thing.”如：constitute a professional and legal offence 构成职业和法律犯罪；举个🌰：Failing to complete the work constitutes a breach of the employment contract. 不能完成工作被视为违反雇用合同。The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society. 犯罪率上升对社会构成了威胁。

🎬电影《空中危机》（Flightplan）中的台词提到：A teddy bear does not constitute an inaccurate passenger manifest. 有一只泰迪熊并不代表 乘客名单出了错。

🎬电影《从足球流氓到黑帮崛起3》（Rise of the Footsoldier 3）中的台词提到：High on drink and pills does not constitute as a defense. 醉药 醉酒 不能作为辩护证据。

spontaneous /spɒnˈteɪ.ni.əs/ 表示“自发的；非筹划安排的；非勉强的”，英文解释为“happening or done in a natural, often sudden way, without any planning or without being forced”举个🌰：His jokes seemed spontaneous, but were in fact carefully prepared beforehand. 他讲的笑话似乎是即兴的，但实际上是事先精心准备好的。

confer /kənˈfɜːr/ 1）表示“授予（称号、荣誉）；赋予（优势）”，英文解释为“to give an official title, honour, or advantage to someone”举个🌰：An honorary doctorate was conferred on him by Peking University. 北京大学授予他荣誉博士学位。

2）表示“（常指为达成行动决议而）商讨，商议，协商”，英文解释为“to exchange ideas on a particular subject, often in order to reach a decision on what action to take”举个🌰：I need some time to confer with my lawyer. 我想花点时间跟我的律师商量一下。

🎬电影《小妇人》（Little Women）中的台词提到：No, writing doesn't confer importance. It reflects it. 不 写作并不能让一件事情变得重要 只能反映其重要性。

Are earworms ever worrisome?“耳虫”会令人人担忧吗？

Not all “stuck songs” are benign. Sometimes they occur with obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychotic syndromes, migraine headaches, unusual forms of epilepsy, or a condition known as palinacousis — when you continue to hear a sound long after it has disappeared. Persistent earworms (lasting more than 24 hours) may be caused by many different illnesses, such as stroke or cancer metastasizing to the brain. A physician can help you determine if your earworm is serious or not.

“挥之不去”的旋律并非总是无害。有时，可能是强迫症、精神疾病、偏头痛、罕见癫痫或“持续幻听”症（即声音消失后仍能在脑中听到）的一种表现。持续超过24小时的耳虫可能由多种疾病引起，比如中风或癌症转移至脑部等。如果你担心耳虫异常，最好就医检查。

benign /bɪˈnaɪn/ 表示“良性的”，英文解释为“A benigntumour is not likely to cause death.”如：a benign tumour 良性肿瘤。

也可以表示“慈祥的；和善的”，英文解释为“pleasant and kind”如：a benign old lady 慈祥的老妇人。

metastasize /metˈæs.tə.saɪz/ 表示“（癌细胞）转移”，英文解释为“If cancer cells metastasize, they spread to other parts of the body and cause tumours to grow there.”

How do you get rid of earworms? 如何摆脱“耳虫”？

If you've had enough of your earworm and need to stop it in its tracks, you would be well warned not to try to block the song out, but rather to passively accept it. A determined effort to block the song out may result in the very opposite of what you want. Called “ironic process” and studied extensively by psychologist Daniel Wegner, resisting the song may make your brain keep playing it over and over again.

若你想尽快结束“耳虫”的折磨，建议不要试图压抑这段旋律，而应顺其自然。因为越是刻意压制，这段旋律越可能挥之不去。这种现象被称为“讽刺性过程”，是心理学家丹尼尔·韦格纳（Daniel Wegner）深入研究过的：越想摆脱，脑中反而越挥之不去。

resist /rɪˈzɪst/ 1）表示“抵制；阻挡；抗拒”，英文解释为“to refuse to accept or be changed by something”举个🌰：She resisted demands for her resignation. 她拒不答应她辞职的要求。

2）表示“按捺；忍住；拒受…的影响”，英文解释为“to stop yourself from doing something that you want to do”举个🌰：I can never resist temptation/chocolate/the urge to laugh. 我向来无法抗拒诱惑/我永远不可能抵挡巧克力的诱惑/我要是想笑，怎么也忍不住。

Other techniques found to be helpful include those from cognitive behavioral therapy, such as replacing dysfunctional thoughts like “These earworms indicate I am crazy” with “It is normal to have earworms.” A less intuitive cure for earworms is chewing gum. It interferes with hearing the song in your head.

还有一些被证明有效的技巧，例如使用认知行为疗法，把“我老是听到这个重复旋律是不是精神出了问题”这样的消极念头，替换成“出现耳虫很正常”。另一个看似奇怪却有用的方法是嚼口香糖，它能干扰大脑中的旋律回响。

dysfunctional /dɪsˈfʌŋk.ʃən.əl/ 表示“失调的，失常的”，英文解释为“not behaving or working normally”如：a dysfunctional family 不正常的家庭。

chewing gum /ˈtʃuː.ɪŋ ˌɡʌm/ 表示“口香糖”，英文解释为“a sweet that you keep in your mouth and chew to get its flavour, but do not swallow”举个🌰：Would you like a piece/stick of chewing gum? 你要来片/块口香糖吗？

interfere /ˌɪn.təˈfɪər/ 表示“干涉，干预”，英文解释为“to involve yourself in a situation when your involvement is not wanted or is not helpful”举个🌰：It's their problem and I'm not going to interfere. 那是他们的问题，我不想干预。

In most cases, earworms are neutral to pleasant, not serious, and may even be part of your brain's creative process. In a few cases, especially when they continue for more than 24 hours, earworms may indicate something more serious. In those cases, seeing your primary care physician may help you metaphorically take the needle off the stuck record so that you can regain your peace of mind.

在大多数情况下，“耳虫”是中性甚至令人愉快的现象，不会带来严重影响，甚至可能是大脑创造力的一种表现。但在少数情况下，尤其是当它持续超过24小时时，可能预示着更严重的问题。这时候，去看一下医生或许能帮你“拔掉卡壳唱片的针头”，让你找回心灵的安宁。

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