清华大学严正声明！

今天，清华大学经济管理学院发布严正声明：近期，个别社会人员以“清大经管学院院长”“清华大学经济管理学院院长”等虚假身份公开活动。

据报道，近日，多篇文章提到，“清大经管学院院长曹玉磊”参加相关活动。

今天你练听力了吗？

🤔️小作业：

1. What is the function of mentioning Holmes, Sorokin, and Hayut?

A. To introduce recent criminal cases unrelated to the main topic

B. To argue that all fraud is rooted in narcissistic tendencies

C. To establish real-life context illustrating the psychological phenomenon

D. To critique the justice system's response to self-deception

无注释原文：

How self-deception allows people to lie

From: BBC

The media today is full of people who have lived a lie. 

There's Elizabeth Holmes, the biotech entrepreneur, who in 2015 was declared the youngest and richest self-made female billionaire. She now faces 20 years in prison for fraud. Then there's Anna Sorokin – aka Anna Delvey, who pretended to be a German heiress, and subsequently fleeced New York's high society of hundreds of thousands of dollars. And Shimon Hayut, aka Simon Leviev – the so-called Tinder Swindler. 

What marks all of these people is not just the lies they told others – but the lies they must have told themselves. They each believed their actions were somehow justifiable, and – against all odds – believed they would never be found out. Time and again, they personally seemed to deny reality – and dragged others into their scams. 

You might hope that this kind of behaviour is a relatively rare phenomenon, restricted to a few extreme situations. But self-deception is incredibly common, and may have evolved to bring some personal benefits. We lie to ourselves to protect our self-images, which allows us to act immorally while maintaining a clear conscience. According to the very latest research, self-deception may have even evolved to help us to persuade others; if we start believing our own lies, it's much easier to get other people to believe them, too. 

Perhaps the most surprising consequence of self-deception concerns our conversations with others. 

According to this theory, self-deception allows us to be more confident in what we are saying, which makes us more persuasive. If you are trying to sell a dodgy product, for instance, you will make a better case if you genuinely believe it is a high-quality bargain – even if there is evidence to suggest otherwise. 

This hypothesis was first proposed decades ago, and a recent paper by Peter Schwardmann, an assistant professor of behavioural economics at Carnegie Mellon University, US, provides some strong evidence for this idea. 

Like Chance's study, Schwardmann's first experiments began with an IQ test. The participants weren't given the results, but after the test was finished, they had to privately rate how well they thought they'd done. They then took a test of persuasion: they had to stand before a jury of mock employers and convince the panel of their intellectual prowess – with a potential 15 euro ($16, £12.80) reward if the judges believed that they were among the smartest in the group. 

Some people were told about the persuasion task before they rated their confidence in their performance, while others were told afterwards. In line with the hypothesis, Schwardmann found that this changed their ratings of their abilities: the prior knowledge that they would have to convince others resulted in greater overconfidence in their abilities, compared to those who had not yet been told. The need to persuade others had primed them to think that they were smarter than they really were. 

He describes this as a kind of “reflex”. Importantly, Schwardmann's experiments showed that the self-deception paid off; unfounded overconfidence did indeed increase people's ability to persuade the mock employers.

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为BBC官方译文，仅供参考

含注释全文：

How self-deception allows people to lie

From: BBC

The media today is full of people who have lived a lie. 

如今的媒体上到处是生活在谎言中的人。

There's Elizabeth Holmes, the biotech entrepreneur, who in 2015 was declared the youngest and richest self-made female billionaire. She now faces 20 years in prison for fraud. Then there's Anna Sorokin – aka Anna Delvey, who pretended to be a German heiress, and subsequently fleeced New York's high society of hundreds of thousands of dollars. And Shimon Hayut, aka Simon Leviev – the so-called Tinder Swindler. 

生物科技企业家伊丽莎白·霍姆斯（Elizabeth Holmes），在2015年被宣布为最年轻、最富有的白手起家女性亿万富翁。如今她因欺诈罪面临20年监禁。还有安娜·索罗金（Anna Sorokin），又名安娜·德尔维（Anna Delvey），假装自己是德国女继承人，随后从纽约上流社会骗取了数十万美元。还有希蒙·海尤特（Shimon Hayut），又名西蒙·列维耶夫（Simon Leviev），所谓的Tinder（网络约会app）骗子。

biotech /ˈbaɪ.əʊ.tek/ biotechnology 的缩写，表示“生物技术”，英文解释为“technology or industrial processes using living things such as cells and bacteria, especially in order to produce medical treatments”

entrepreneur /ˌɒn.trə.prəˈnɜːr/ 表示“（尤指涉及风险的）企业家，创业者”，英文解释为“someone who starts their own business, especially when this involves seeing a new opportunity”举个🌰：He was one of the entrepreneurs of the 80s who made their money in property. 他是80年代靠做房地产生意赚钱起家的企业家之一。

aka /ˌeɪ.keɪˈeɪ/ 表示“又名，亦称（also known as的缩写）”，英文解释为“abbreviation for also known as: used when someone has another name”

heiress /ˈeə.res/表示“女继承人，嗣女”，英文解释为“a woman or girl who will receive or already has received a lot of money, property, or a title from another person, especially an older member of the same family, when that person dies”

fleece /fliːs/ 表示“敲诈；敲…的竹杠”，英文解释为“to take someone's money dishonestly, by charging too much money or by cheating them”举个🌰：That restaurant really fleeced us! 那家餐馆的确是敲了我们竹杠！

表示“骗子”，英文解释为“someone who gets money dishonestly by deceiving or cheating people”

📍swindle可以作动词，也可以作名词，表示“诈骗，骗取（钱财）”（to get money dishonestly from someone by deceiving or cheating them）举个🌰：They swindled local businesses out of thousands of dollars. 他们诈骗了当地企业几千美元。

🎬电影《大侦探福尔摩斯》（Sherlock Holmes）中的台词提到：保险诈骗 An insurance swindle.

🎬电影《星球大战7：原力觉醒》（Star Wars: Episode VII）中的台词：There's no one in the galaxy left for you to swindle. 在这个星系里不会有人再相信你的骗局了。

对比：

📍scammer表示“诈骗犯; 骗子”，英文解释为“a person who perpetrates a scam; swindler”。

📍impostor表示“假冒者；冒名顶替者；冒名行骗者”，英文解释为“Someone who is an impostor is dishonestly pretending to be someone else in order to gain an advantage.”

What marks all of these people is not just the lies they told others – but the lies they must have told themselves. They each believed their actions were somehow justifiable, and – against all odds – believed they would never be found out. Time and again, they personally seemed to deny reality – and dragged others into their scams. 

这些人的特点不仅仅是对别人撒谎，还对自己撒谎。他们每个人都相信自己的行为在某种程度上是合理的，尽管困难重重，但他们相信自己永远不会被发现。一次又一次，他们自己似乎编造超越现实的谎言，并把其他人拖入他们的骗局。

against (all) the odds/against all odds 表示“尽管困难重重；在极为不利的情况下”，英文解释为“If you do or achieve something against (all) the odds/against all odds, you do or achieve it although there were a lot of problems and you were not likely to succeed.”举个🌰：Against all the odds, he recovered. 他克服一切不利病况康复了。

You might hope that this kind of behaviour is a relatively rare phenomenon, restricted to a few extreme situations. But self-deception is incredibly common, and may have evolved to bring some personal benefits. We lie to ourselves to protect our self-images, which allows us to act immorally while maintaining a clear conscience. According to the very latest research, self-deception may have even evolved to help us to persuade others; if we start believing our own lies, it's much easier to get other people to believe them, too. 

你可能觉得这种行为相对罕见，仅限于一些极端的情况。但自我欺骗非常普遍，而且可能已经演变为谋求个人利益的动因。为了保护自己形象而欺骗自己，使得我们可以在做不道德事情的同时让良心也过得去。根据最新的研究，自我欺骗甚至可能已经进化，帮助我们说服他人；如果我们开始相信自己的谎言，那么别人也会更容易相信我们的谎言。

deception /dɪˈsep.ʃən/ 表示“欺骗；欺诈；隐瞒”，英文解释为“the act of hiding the truth, especially to get an advantage”举个🌰：He was found guilty of obtaining money by deception. 他骗取钱财的罪名被判成立。

Perhaps the most surprising consequence of self-deception concerns our conversations with others. 

自欺最令人惊讶的后果或许是与他人的对话。

According to this theory, self-deception allows us to be more confident in what we are saying, which makes us more persuasive. If you are trying to sell a dodgy product, for instance, you will make a better case if you genuinely believe it is a high-quality bargain – even if there is evidence to suggest otherwise. 

根据这个理论，自我欺骗让我们对自己说的话更有信心，这让我们更有说服力。例如，如果你正试图销售一种有问题的产品，如果你真的相信它是高质量的，你就会有更好的理由推销，即使有证据表明事实并非如此。

dodgy /ˈdɒdʒ.i/ 1）表示“不诚实的，不怀好意的”，英文解释为“dishonest”如：a dodgy deal 不诚实的交易。

2）表示“不可靠的；有风险的”，英文解释为“likely to fail or cause problems”举个🌰：The weather might be a bit dodgy at this time of year. 每年的这个时候天气都可能有些变化无常。

persuasive /pəˈsweɪ.sɪv/ 表示“有说服力的，令人信服的”，英文解释为“making you want to do or believe a particular thing”如：a persuasive speaker/speech 有说服力的演讲人/演说。

This hypothesis was first proposed decades ago, and a recent paper by Peter Schwardmann, an assistant professor of behavioural economics at Carnegie Mellon University, US, provides some strong evidence for this idea. 

这一假设最早是在几十年前提出的，美国卡内基梅隆大学（Carnegie Mellon University）行为经济学助理教授彼得·施沃德曼（Peter Schwardmann）最近发表的一篇论文为这一观点提供了一些强有力的证据。

hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθ.ə.sɪs/ 表示“假设，假说”，英文解释为“an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved”举个🌰：Several hypotheses for global warming have been suggested. 已经提出了好几种全球变暖的假说。

Like Chance's study, Schwardmann's first experiments began with an IQ test. The participants weren't given the results, but after the test was finished, they had to privately rate how well they thought they'd done. They then took a test of persuasion: they had to stand before a jury of mock employers and convince the panel of their intellectual prowess – with a potential 15 euro ($16, £12.80) reward if the judges believed that they were among the smartest in the group. 

和格尼兹的研究一样，施沃德曼的第一个实验也是从智商测试开始的。参与者没有得到结果，但在测试结束后，他们必须私下评估他们认为自己做得有多好。然后进行说服测试：他们必须站在模拟雇主团面前，说服他们相信自己的智力——如果评委认为他们是小组中最聪明的，就可能获得15欧元（约16美元，12.80英镑）的奖励。

persuasion /pəˈsweɪ.ʒən/ 表示“说服”，英文解释为“the action of persuading someone or of being persuaded”举个🌰：It took a lot of persuasion to convince the committee of the advantages of the new plan. 费了许多口舌才让委员会相信新计划的种种好处。

jury /ˈdʒʊə.ri/ 1）奥运会裁判是怎么选出来的？文中出现，表示“（竞赛的）裁判团，评判委员会”，英文解释为“a group of people chosen to decide the winner of a competition”

2）表示“陪审团”，英文解释为“a group of people who have been chosen to listen to all the facts in a trial in a law court and to decide if a person is guilty or not guilty, or if a claim has been proved”如：members of the jury 陪审团成员。

prowess /ˈpraʊ.es/ 表示“杰出的才能；高超的技能；造诣”，英文解释为“great ability or skill”如：athletic/sporting prowess 高超的运动/体育技能。

Some people were told about the persuasion task before they rated their confidence in their performance, while others were told afterwards. In line with the hypothesis, Schwardmann found that this changed their ratings of their abilities: the prior knowledge that they would have to convince others resulted in greater overconfidence in their abilities, compared to those who had not yet been told. The need to persuade others had primed them to think that they were smarter than they really were. 

一些人在自我评估前被告知了说服任务，另一些人则是在自我评估之后。与假设一致的是，施沃德曼发现这改变了他们对自己能力的评价：与那些被后告知的人相比，他们提前知道需要说服别人并可获得奖励，这让他们对自己能力进行评估时过分自信。说服别人的需要让他们过高估计自己的聪明程度。

prime /praɪm/ 1）表示“首要的，主要的；基本的”，英文解释为“main or most important”举个🌰：This is a prime example of 1930s architecture. 这是20世纪30年代建筑风格的一个重要的范例。

2）表示“质量最好的，一流的”，英文解释为“of the best quality”举个🌰：The hotel is in a prime location in the city centre. 该旅馆位于市中心的黄金地段。

作为动词，prime通常指为某个过程或活动做准备。 prime /praɪm/ 表示“事先给（某人）提供情况，使有所准备”，英文解释为“to tell someone something that will prepare them for a particular situation”举个🌰：I'd been primed so I knew not to mention her son. 因为事先得到提醒，所以我知道不要提及她的儿子。

prime the pump表示“投资以振兴（新的或不景气的企业或行业）”，英文解释为“to encourage the growth of a new or weak business or industry by putting money into it”

He describes this as a kind of “reflex”. Importantly, Schwardmann's experiments showed that the self-deception paid off; unfounded overconfidence did indeed increase people's ability to persuade the mock employers.

施沃德曼将此描述为一种“反射”。重要的是，他的实验表明，自我欺骗是有回报的；毫无根据的过度自信确实增加了人们说服模拟雇主的能力。

- 词汇盘点 -

- 词汇助记 By AI -

LearnAndRecord

2015年2月8日

2025年6月23日

第3789天

每天持续行动学外语