考古学家发现秘鲁3500年古城市遗迹

近日，秘鲁考古学家宣布在该国发现了一座3500多年前的城市遗址。

今天你练听力了吗？

🤔️小作业：

1. What can be reasonably inferred about the Caral civilisation based on the article?

A. It was likely influenced by the trade routes passing through Peñico

B. It declined due to external invasions from mountain tribes

C. Its urban development occurred before that of many other global civilizations

D. It failed to interact with other Peruvian cultures before disappearing

无注释原文：

Archaeologists unveil 3,500-year-old city in Peru

From: BBC

Archaeologists have announced the discovery of an ancient city in Peru's northern Barranca province.

The 3,500-year-old city, named Peñico, is believed to have served as a key trading hub connecting early Pacific coast communities with those living in the Andes mountains and Amazon basin.

Located some 200km north of Lima, the site lies about 600 metres (1,970 feet) above sea level and is thought to have been founded between 1,800 and 1,500 BC - around the same time that early civilisations were flourishing in the Middle East and Asia.

Researchers say the discovery sheds light on what became of the Americas' oldest civilisation, the Caral.

Drone footage released by researchers shows a circular structure on a hillside terrace at the city's centre, surrounded by the remains of stone and mud buildings.

Eight years of research at the site unearthed 18 structures, including ceremonial temples and residential complexes.

In buildings at the site, researchers discovered ceremonial objects, clay sculptures of human and animal figures and necklaces made from beads and seashells.

Peñico is situated close to where Caral, recognised as the oldest known civilisation in the Americas, was established 5,000 years ago at around 3,000 BC in the Supe valley of Peru.

Caral features 32 monuments, including large pyramid structures, sophisticated irrigation agriculture and urban settlements. It is believed to have developed in isolation to other comparative early civilisations in India, Egypt, Sumeria and China.

Dr Ruth Shady, the archaeologist who led the recent research into Peñico and the excavation of Caral in the 1990s, said that the discovery was important for understanding what became of the Caral civilisation after it was decimated by climate change.

The Peñico community was "situated in a strategic location for trade, for exchange with societies from the coast, the highlands and the jungle", Dr Shady told the Reuters news agency.

At a news conference unveiling the findings on Thursday, archaeologist Marco Machacuay, a researcher with the Ministry of Culture, said that Peñico's significance lies in it being a continuation of the Caral society.

Peru is home to many of the Americas' most significant archaeological discoveries, including the Inca citadel of Machu Picchu in the Andes and the mysterious Nazca Lines etched into the desert along the central coast.

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为BBC官方译文，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Archaeologists unveil 3,500-year-old city in Peru

From: BBC

Archaeologists have announced the discovery of an ancient city in Peru's northern Barranca province.

考古学家宣布在秘鲁北部巴兰卡省发现一座古老城市。

archaeologist /ˌɑː.kiˈɒl.ə.dʒɪst/ 表示“考古学家”，英文解释为“someone who studies the buildings, graves, tools, and other objects of people who lived in the past”

The 3,500-year-old city, named Peñico, is believed to have served as a key trading hub connecting early Pacific coast communities with those living in the Andes mountains and Amazon basin.

这座拥有3500年历史的城市名为佩尼科（Peñico），据信是早期太平洋沿岸社群与安地斯山脉及亚马逊盆地居民之间的重要贸易枢纽。

hub /hʌb/ 一词可以理解为“（某地/活动）中心，枢纽，核心”，如：the commercial hub of the city 城市的商业中心，a hub airport 大型中转机场，举个🌰：The kitchen was the hub of family life. 厨房是家庭生活的中心。

📍郑州挺住，河南加油！文中，路透社（Reuters）介绍河南就说的是：a major logistics hub in central China 中国中部的主要物流中枢，原句：Many train services across Henan, a major logistics hub in central China, have been suspended. Many highways have also been closed and flights delayed or cancelled. 河南是中国中部的一个主要物流中枢，整个河南的许多火车服务已经暂停。许多公路也被关闭，航班被推迟或取消。

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）2018年8月一篇提到B站的文章是这么表达的，Bilibili, an online hub for fans of comics and games.

pacific /pəˈsɪf.ɪk/ 表示“太平洋的”，英文解释为“belonging to or relating to the Pacific Ocean”

basin /ˈbeɪ.sən/ 1）表示“流域”，英文解释为“the area of land from which streams run into a river, lake, or sea”

2）表示“盆地；凹地；海盆”，英文解释为“a place where the earth's surface is lower than in other areas of the world”

Located some 200km north of Lima, the site lies about 600 metres (1,970 feet) above sea level and is thought to have been founded between 1,800 and 1,500 BC - around the same time that early civilisations were flourishing in the Middle East and Asia.

该遗址位于首都利马以北约200公里，海拔约600公尺，推测建于公元前1800年至1500年间，与中东及亚洲早期文明蓬勃发展的时期大致相符。

flourish /ˈflʌr.ɪʃ/ 作动词，表示“茁壮成长；繁荣；蓬勃发展”，英文解释为“to grow or develop successfully”举个🌰：My tomatoes are flourishing this summer - it must be the warm weather. 今年夏天我的西红柿长势很好——这一定是天气暖和的原因。

作名词，1）表示“（为引起注意的）夸张动作”，英文解释为“an exaggerated movement that you make when you want sb to notice you”举个🌰：He opened the door for her with a flourish.他做了一个夸张动作为她开了门。

2）表示“（讲话或文章的）华丽辞藻，修饰”，英文解释为“details and decoration that are used in speech or writing”

Researchers say the discovery sheds light on what became of the Americas' oldest civilisation, the Caral.

研究人员表示，这一发现为美洲最古老文明——卡拉尔（Caral）文明的命运提供了线索。

cast/shed/throw light on sth 表示“使（问题等）较容易理解；为…提供解释；使…较容易理解；阐明；使…清楚地显出”，英文解释为“to make a problem, etc. easier to understand”举个🌰：As an economist, he was able to shed some light on the problem. 作为经济学家，他能解释这个问题。

Drone footage released by researchers shows a circular structure on a hillside terrace at the city's centre, surrounded by the remains of stone and mud buildings.

根据他们发布的无人机影像显示，城市中心位于山坡台地上的一座圆形结构，周围环绕着石头与泥土建造的建筑遗迹。

drone /drəʊn/ 表示“无人驾驶飞机；无人机”，英文解释为“an aircraft that does not have a pilot but is controlled by someone on the ground, used especially for dropping bombs or for surveillance (= careful watching of a place)”

footage /ˈfʊt.ɪdʒ/ 表示“（描述某一事件的）片段镜头”，英文解释为“Footage of a particular event is a film of it or the part of a film which shows this event.”举个🌰：They are planning to show exclusive footage from this summer's festivals. 他们计划独家播放今年夏季节日活动的片断镜头。

补充：

📍closed-circuit footage指的是监控录像画面；📍CCTV：此CCTV非彼CCTV，其中的CC就是Closed Circuit的缩写，TV就是电视Television的缩写。

circular /ˈsɜːkjʊlə/ 1）作形容词，表示“圆形的”，英文解释为“Something that is circular is shaped like a circle.”如：a circular hole 圆洞。

2）表示“（旅行或路线）环行的”，英文解释为“A circular journey or route is one in which you go to a place and return by a different route.”举个🌰：Both sides of the river can be explored on this circular walk. 沿着这条环形步行道走，河的两边就都可以看得到了。

3）表示“循环论证的；迂回而无效的”，英文解释为“A circular argument is one that keeps returning to the same points and is not effective.”

4）作名词，表示“（同时发给很多人的）通知，通报，传单”，英文解释为“A circular is an official letter or advertisement that is sent to a large number of people at the same time.”举个🌰：The proposal has been widely publicized in press information circulars sent to 2,345 newspapers. 通过向2345份报纸发送新闻通告，这项提议得到了广泛地宣传。

terrace /ˈter.əs/ 表示“台地”，英文解释为“a flat raised area”，也可以表示“露天平台，阳台；（房屋旁的）露台；草坪”，英文解释为“A terrace is a flat area of stone or grass next to a building where people can sit.”举个🌰：Some guests recline in deck chairs on the sea-facing terrace. 有些客人斜躺在朝海露台的躺椅上。

表示“剩余物；残留物；遗迹，遗址”，英文解释为“pieces or parts of something that continue to exist when most of it has been used, destroyed, or taken away”如：human/sb's remains 特指“人的／某人的遗体（或遗骸）”举个🌰：The remains of lunch were still on the table. 吃剩的午饭仍在桌子上。

Eight years of research at the site unearthed 18 structures, including ceremonial temples and residential complexes.

经过8年的考古挖掘，遗址中发掘出18座建筑，包括举办宗教仪式的庙宇和住宅建筑群。

unearth /ʌnˈɜːθ/ 作动词，1）表示“挖掘；发掘；使出土”，英文解释为“to find sth in the ground by digging”

2）表示“（经努力）发现”，英文解释为“If someone unearths facts or evidence, they discover them with difficulty.”举个🌰：A private detective has unearthed some fresh evidence. 一个私家侦探已经找到了新的证据。

ceremonial /ˌser.ɪˈməʊ.ni.əl/ 表示“仪式的，礼节的”，英文解释为“related to, used in, or involving a ceremony (= a fixed set of formal acts performed on important social or religious occasions)”举个🌰：The men were dressed in ceremonial black robes. 男人们穿着庄重的黑色长袍。

complex /ˈkɒm.pleks/ /kəmˈpleks/ 1）表示“建筑群；综合大楼”，英文解释为“A complex is a group of buildings designed for a particular purpose, or one large building divided into several smaller areas.”如：a shopping/sports and leisure complex 购物/运动休闲中心，a low-cost apartment complex 一个低价公寓楼群。

2）表示“配合物，络合物；复合体，综合体”，英文解释为“an ion or molecule in which one or more groups are linked to a metal atom by coordinate bond；any loosely bonded species formed by the association of two molecules.”

In buildings at the site, researchers discovered ceremonial objects, clay sculptures of human and animal figures and necklaces made from beads and seashells.

考古学家还在这些建筑中发现了仪式用品、人物与动物造型的陶塑，以及由珠子和贝壳制成的项鍊。

sculpture /ˈskʌlp.tʃər/ 表示“雕塑，雕刻；塑像，雕塑品，雕刻品”，英文解释为“the art of forming solid objects that represent a thing, person, idea, etc. out of a material such as wood, clay, metal, or stone, or an object made in this way”

bead /biːd/ 表示“（有孔的）珠子”，英文解释为“a small, coloured, often round piece of plastic, wood, glass, etc. with a hole through it. It is usually put on a string with a lot of others to make jewellery”举个🌰：She wore a necklace of brightly coloured wooden beads. 她戴着一串由色彩鲜艳的木珠串成的项链。

Peñico is situated close to where Caral, recognised as the oldest known civilisation in the Americas, was established 5,000 years ago at around 3,000 BC in the Supe valley of Peru.

佩尼科位于卡拉尔文明附近，后者被认为是美洲已知最古老的文明，约于公元前3000年建立于秘鲁苏佩谷（Supe valley）。

Caral features 32 monuments, including large pyramid structures, sophisticated irrigation agriculture and urban settlements. It is believed to have developed in isolation to other comparative early civilisations in India, Egypt, Sumeria and China.

卡拉尔文明拥有32座纪念建筑，包括大型金字塔结构、精密的灌溉农业和城市聚落，据信其发展独立于印度、埃及、苏美尔和中国等其他早期文明。

monument /ˈmɒn.jə.mənt/ 1）表示“纪念碑（或馆、堂、像等）”，英文解释为“a building, column, statue, etc. built to remind people of a famous person or event”举个🌰：A monument to him was erected in St Paul's Cathedral. 在圣保罗大教堂为他修了一座纪念碑。

2）表示“历史遗迹；有历史价值的建筑”，英文解释为“a building that has special historical importance”如：an ancient monument 古迹。

3）表示“丰碑；永久的典范”，英文解释为“a thing that remains as a good example of sb's qualities or of what they did”举个🌰：These recordings are a monument to his talent as a pianist. 这些录音是展现他钢琴家才华的不朽之作。

pyramid /ˈpɪr.ə.mɪd/ 1）表示“棱锥体”，英文解释为“a solid object with a square base and four triangular sides that form a point at the top”

2）表示“摆成金字塔形的一堆东西”，英文解释为“a pile of things that has the shape of a pyramid”举个🌰：Many organizations have a pyramid structure (= there are fewer people at the top levels of them than there are at the bottom). 许多团体是金字塔式的组织结构。

sophisticated /səˈfɪstɪˌkeɪtɪd/ 1）表示“老练的；久经世故的”，英文解释为“Someone who is sophisticated is comfortable in social situations and knows about culture, fashion, and other matters that are considered socially important.”举个🌰：He was a charming, sophisticated companion. 他是个有魅力、见多识广的伙伴。

2）表示“干练的”，英文解释为“A sophisticated person is intelligent and knows a lot, so that they are able to understand complicated situations.”举个🌰：These people are very sophisticated observers of the foreign policy scene. 这些人是外交政策领域干练的观察家。

3）表示“高级的；复杂的”，英文解释为“A sophisticated machine, device, or method is more advanced or complex than others.”举个🌰：Honeybees use one of the most sophisticated communication systems of any insect. 蜜蜂所使用的交流系统是昆虫中最复杂的之一。

irrigation /ˌɪr.ɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ 表示“灌溉”，英文解释为“the practice of supplying land with water so that crops and plants will grow”如：an irrigation system 灌溉系统。

Dr Ruth Shady, the archaeologist who led the recent research into Peñico and the excavation of Caral in the 1990s, said that the discovery was important for understanding what became of the Caral civilisation after it was decimated by climate change.

领导佩尼科近期研究及1990年代卡拉尔发掘工作的考古学家卢斯·夏迪（Ruth Shady）博士表示，这一发现对于理解卡拉尔文明在气候变迁摧毁后的命运至关重要。

excavation /ˌeks.kəˈveɪ.ʃən/ 表示“（古物的）发掘”，英文解释为“the act of removing earth that is covering very old objects buried in the ground in order to discover things about the past”举个🌰：Three skulls and one full skeleton were discovered during the excavation of an Egyptian tomb. 在发掘一座埃及坟墓时，发现了三具头骨和一具全身骸骨。

decimate /ˈdes.ɪ.meɪt/ 表示“毁灭，大量杀戮；大幅削减”，英文解释为“to kill a large number of something, or to reduce something severely”举个🌰：Populations of endangered animals have been decimated. 濒危动物的数量已经大幅减少。

The Peñico community was "situated in a strategic location for trade, for exchange with societies from the coast, the highlands and the jungle", Dr Shady told the Reuters news agency.

夏迪博士对路透社表示，佩尼科社群“位于贸易的战略要地，与沿海、高地和丛林的社群进行交流”。

At a news conference unveiling the findings on Thursday, archaeologist Marco Machacuay, a researcher with the Ministry of Culture, said that Peñico's significance lies in it being a continuation of the Caral society.

在周四的新闻发布会上，文化部研究员、考古学家马可·马查奎伊（Marco Machacuay）表示，佩尼科的重要性在于它是卡拉尔文明的延续。

unveil /ʌnˈveɪl/ 1）表示“ 为…揭幕；揭开…上的覆盖物；拉开…的帷幔”，英文解释为“to remove a cover or curtain from a painting, statue, etc. so that it can be seen in public for the first time”举个🌰：She unveiled a plaque to mark the official opening of the hospital. 她主持揭幕式，标志着医院正式启用。

2）表示“（首次）展示，介绍，推出；将…公之于众”，英文解释为“to show or introduce a new plan, product, etc. to the public for the first time”举个🌰：They will be unveiling their new models at the Motor Show. 他们将在汽车大展上首次推出自己的新型汽车。

🎬电影《复仇者联盟1》（The Avengers）中的台词提到：We look beyond the Earth to the greater worlds the Tesseract will unveil. 而我们则放眼地球之外 那些将被宇宙魔方开启的更广博的世界。

🎬电影《超人高校》（Sky High）中的台词提到：We can't unveil the Stronghold Three without Will. 我们不能在威尔（Will）不在场时 向大家介绍斯特朗霍德三侠（Stronghold Three）。

📍词根“-veil”表示"面纱"，前缀“un-”表示“不”。联想宫殿：在宫殿的一个房间，你看到一个被面纱覆盖的新产品即将被“揭露”。近义词：reveal（揭示） 同根词：veil（面纱），常用短语：unveil a plan（公布计划）

Peru is home to many of the Americas' most significant archaeological discoveries, including the Inca citadel of Machu Picchu in the Andes and the mysterious Nazca Lines etched into the desert along the central coast.

秘鲁是美洲众多重要考古发现的所在地，包括安地斯山脉的印加城堡马丘比丘（Machu Picchu），以及中央海岸沙漠中神秘的纳斯卡线条。

citadel /ˈsɪt.ə.del/ 表示“城堡；堡垒，要塞”，英文解释为“a strong castle in or near a city, where people can shelter from danger, especially during a war”举个🌰：The town has a 14th century citadel overlooking the river. 镇上有座14世纪的城堡俯瞰着河面。

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