超级加工食品与早逝有关系吗？

什么是“超级加工食品”（ultra-processed foods）、超加工食品？

今天你练听力了吗？

🤔️小作业：

1. Which of the following can be inferred about the NOVA classification?

A) It is universally accepted by nutritionists worldwide.

B) It excludes foods containing artificial sweeteners.

C) It serves as a reference despite lacking complete consensus.

D) It was developed by the UK government's nutrition panel.

无注释原文：

Ultra-processed foods may be linked to early death

From: BBC

People who eat lots of ultra-processed foods (UPF) may be at greater risk of dying early, a study in eight countries including the UK and the US suggests.

Processed meats, biscuits, fizzy drinks, ice cream and some breakfast cereals are examples of UPF, which are becoming increasingly common in diets worldwide.

UPFs tend to contain more than five ingredients, which are not usually found in home cooking, such as additives, sweeteners and chemicals to improve the food's texture or appearance.

Some experts say it's not known why UPFs are linked to poor health - there is little evidence it's down to the processing itself and could be because these foods contain high levels of fat, salt and sugar.

'Artificial ingredients'

The researchers behind the study, published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, external, looked at previous research to estimate the impact of ultra-processed food intake on mortality.

The study cannot definitively prove that UPFs caused any premature deaths.

This is because the amount of ultra-processed foods in someone's diet is also linked to their overall diet, exercise levels, wider lifestyle and wealth, which can all also affect health.

The studies looked at surveys of people's diets and at data on deaths from eight countries - Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, UK and US.

The report estimates that in the UK and the US, where UPFs account for more than half of calorie intake, 14% of early deaths could be linked to the harms they cause.

In countries such as Colombia and Brazil, where UPF intake is much lower (less than 20% of calorie intake), the study estimated these foods are linked to around 4% of premature deaths.

Lead study author Dr Eduardo Nilson, from Brazil, said UPFs affected health "because of the changes in the foods during industrial processing and the use of artificial ingredients, including colorants, artificial flavours and sweeteners, emulsifiers, and many other additives and processing aids".

By their calculations, in the US in 2018, there were 124,000 premature deaths due to the consumption of ultra-processed food. In the UK, nearly 18,000.

The study says governments should update their dietary advice to urge people to cut back on these foods.

But the UK government's expert panel on nutrition recently said there wasn't any strong evidence of a link between the way food is processed and poor health.

What is ultra-processed food?

There is no one definition that everyone agrees on, but the NOVA classification, external is often used. Examples include:

cakes, pastries and biscuits

crisps

supermarket bread

sausages, burgers, hot dogs

instant soups, noodles and desserts

chicken nuggets

fish fingers

fruit yoghurts and fruit drinks

margarines and spreads

baby formula

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为BBC官方译文，翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Ultra-processed foods may be linked to early death

From: BBC

People who eat lots of ultra-processed foods (UPF) may be at greater risk of dying early, a study in eight countries including the UK and the US suggests.

一项涵盖包括英国和美国在内八个国家的研究显示，食用大量“超级加工食品”（ultra-processed foods，又译超加工食品）的人可能面临更高的早逝风险。

Processed meats, biscuits, fizzy drinks, ice cream and some breakfast cereals are examples of UPF, which are becoming increasingly common in diets worldwide.

加工肉类、饼干、汽水、雪糕和部分早餐谷物产品都是“超加工食品”的例子，这些食品在全球饮食中变得越来越普遍。

biscuit /ˈbɪs.kɪt/ 表示“饼干；薄薄的小甜饼”，英文解释为“a small, flat cake that is dry and usually sweet”如：chocolate/ginger biscuits 巧克力/姜汁饼干。

fizzy /ˈfɪz.i/ 表示“嘶嘶的，起泡的”，英文解释为“having a lot of bubbles”如：fizzy orange/mineral water 起泡橘子水/矿泉水。

cereal /ˈsɪərɪəl/ 表示“谷类植物，谷物”，英文解释为“a plant that is grown to produce grain”如：cereal crops 谷类作物。

UPFs tend to contain more than five ingredients, which are not usually found in home cooking, such as additives, sweeteners and chemicals to improve the food's texture or appearance.

“超加工食品”通常含有超过五种成分，这些成分通常不会出现在家庭烹饪中，例如添加剂、甜味剂和改善食品口感或外观的化学物质。

ingredient /ɪnˈɡriː.di.ənt/ 1）表示“（成功的）要素，因素”，英文解释为“one of the parts of something successful”举个🌰：Trust is a vital ingredient in a successful marriage. 信任是婚姻幸福的重要因素。

2）表示“（尤指烹调用的）原料”，英文解释为“Ingredients are the things that are used to make something, especially all the different foods you use when you are cooking a particular dish.”举个🌰：Coconut is a basic ingredient for many curries. 椰子是多种咖喱菜的基本成分。

表示“（食品的）添加剂，添加物”，英文解释为“An additive is a substance which is added in small amounts to foods or other things in order to improve them or to make them last longer.”

📍词根“-ive”表示"具有...性质的"，前缀“add-”表示"添加"。想象你正在给食物添加"添加剂"以改善味道或外观。类似的：preservative（防腐剂）

表示“甜味剂，甜化剂”，英文解释为“an artificial substance that has a similar taste to sugar, or a small pill made of this”

Some experts say it's not known why UPFs are linked to poor health - there is little evidence it's down to the processing itself and could be because these foods contain high levels of fat, salt and sugar.

一些专家表示，目前尚不清楚为什么“超加工食品”与健康问题有关——很少有证据表明问题来自加工本身，而可能是因为这些食品往往含有高脂肪、高盐分和高糖分。

'Artificial ingredients' “人工成分”

The researchers behind the study, published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, external, looked at previous research to estimate the impact of ultra-processed food intake on mortality.

研究人员在《美国预防医学期刊》（American Journal of Preventive Medicine）上发表文章，回顾以往的研究以评估摄取“超加工食品”对死亡率的影响。

intake /ˈɪn.teɪk/ 1）表示“摄入量”，英文解释为“the amount of a particular substance that is eaten or drunk during a particular time”

2）表示“（尤指学院或大学的）招生人数”，英文解释为“the number of people that are accepted at a particular time by an organization, especially a college or university”举个🌰：The college has increased its intake of students by 50 percent this year. 这所学院今年的招生人数增加了一半。

mortality /mɔːˈtælɪtɪ/ 表示“死亡数量；死亡率”，英文解释为“the number of deaths in a particular situation or period of time”

区分：

📍morbidity /mɔːˈbɪdɪtɪ/ 表示“发病（率）”，英文解释为“the morbidity of a disease is how many people have it in a particular population”

The study cannot definitively prove that UPFs caused any premature deaths.

该研究无法确定“超加工食品”是否会导致早逝。

premature /ˈprem.ə.tʃər/ 表示“过早的；不成熟的；仓促的”，英文解释为“happening or done too soon, especially before the natural or suitable time”如：premature birth/death 早产/夭折。

This is because the amount of ultra-processed foods in someone's diet is also linked to their overall diet, exercise levels, wider lifestyle and wealth, which can all also affect health.

原因在于，一个人饮食当中“超加工食品”的数量，也与其整体饮食、运动水平、更广泛的生活方式和财富状况有关，而这些因素也可能影响健康。

The studies looked at surveys of people's diets and at data on deaths from eight countries - Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, UK and US.

研究调查来自八个国家（澳洲、巴西、加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、墨西哥、英国和美国）人们的饮食情况以及死亡数据。

The report estimates that in the UK and the US, where UPFs account for more than half of calorie intake, 14% of early deaths could be linked to the harms they cause.

报告估计，在英国和美国，“超加工食品”占卡路里摄取量的一半以上，14%的早逝可能与它们造成的危害有关。

calorie /ˈkæl.ər.i/ 表示“卡，卡路里（测量食物所含热量的单位）”，英文解释为“a unit of energy, often used as a measurement of the amount of energy that food provides”举个🌰：There are about 50 calories in an apple. 一个苹果大约含有50卡路里的热量。

In countries such as Colombia and Brazil, where UPF intake is much lower (less than 20% of calorie intake), the study estimated these foods are linked to around 4% of premature deaths.

在哥伦比亚和巴西等“超加工食品”摄入量较低（低于20%卡路里摄取量）的国家，研究估计这些食品仅与约4%的早逝有关。

Lead study author Dr Eduardo Nilson, from Brazil, said UPFs affected health "because of the changes in the foods during industrial processing and the use of artificial ingredients, including colorants, artificial flavours and sweeteners, emulsifiers, and many other additives and processing aids".

研究主要作者、来自巴西的爱德华多·尼尔森（Eduardo Nilson）表示，“超加工食品”影响健康“是因为食品在工业加工过程中的变化，以及使用人工成分，包括色素、人工香料和甜味剂、乳化剂以及许多其他添加剂和加工助剂”。

美式 colorant 英式 colourant /ˈkʌl.ər.ənt/ 表示“色素”，英文解释为“a substance that is used to add colour or change the colour of something”如：colourants that are commonly added to food 经常添加到食品中的色素。

emulsifier /ɪˈmʌl.sɪ.faɪ.ər/ 表示“乳化剂”，英文解释为“a substance that forms or keeps an emulsion and is often added to processed foods to prevent particular parts from separating”

By their calculations, in the US in 2018, there were 124,000 premature deaths due to the consumption of ultra-processed food. In the UK, nearly 18,000.

根据他们的计算，2018年美国有124,000宗因食用“超加工食品”而与早逝相关的个案；在英国，则接近18,000宗。

The study says governments should update their dietary advice to urge people to cut back on these foods.

该研究建议政府应更新其饮食建议，敦促人们减少摄取这类食品。

But the UK government's expert panel on nutrition recently said there wasn't any strong evidence of a link between the way food is processed and poor health.

但英国政府的营养专家小组最近表示，没有任何强力证据表明食品加工方式与健康不良之间存在联系。

panel /ˈpæn.əl/ 1）表示“嵌板，镶板”，英文解释为“a flat, usually rectangular part, or piece of wood, metal, cloth, etc., that fits into or onto something larger”如：a beautiful old door with oak panels 一扇嵌有橡木板的漂亮的老式门；

2）表示“（选定的）专家小组；讨论小组”，英文解释为“a small group of people chosen to give advice, make a decision, or publicly discuss their opinions as entertainment”

nutrition /njuːˈtrɪʃ.ən/ 表示“营养物质；营养，滋养；营养学”，英文解释为“the substances that you take into your body as food and the way that they influence your health”举个🌰：Good nutrition is essential if patients are to make a quick recovery. 病人如果要迅速康复，必须补足营养。

What is ultra-processed food? 什么是“超加工食品”？

There is no one definition that everyone agrees on, but the NOVA classification, external is often used. Examples include:

目前尚无一个获得普遍认可的统一定义，但“NOVA分类系统”经常被用来界定超级加工食品，常见例子包括：

cakes, pastries and biscuits 蛋糕、糕点和饼干

crisps 薯片

supermarket bread 超市面包

sausages, burgers, hot dogs 香肠、汉堡、热狗

instant soups, noodles and desserts 即食汤、面条和甜点

chicken nuggets 鸡块

fish fingers 鱼条

fruit yoghurts and fruit drinks 水果乳酪和水果饮料

margarines and spreads 人造牛油和抹酱

baby formula 婴儿配方奶粉

pastry /ˈpeɪ.stri/ 1）表示“油酥糕点；油酥点心”，英文解释为“a food made from a mixture of flour, fat, and water, rolled flat and either wrapped around or put over or under other foods, and then baked”如：puff pastry （奶油松饼）泡芙。

2）表示“茶点，点心”，英文解释为“a type of sweet cake made of special pastry and usually containing something such as fruit or nuts”举个🌰：We were offered a selection of cakes and pastries with our tea. 我们喝茶时有几种蛋糕和茶点可以挑选。

crisp /krɪsp/ 表示“油炸薯片”，英文解释为“a very thin, often round piece of fried potato, sometimes with a flavour added, sold especially in plastic bags”如：a packet of salt and vinegar crisps 一袋盐醋薯片。

nugget /ˈnʌɡ.ɪt/ 1）表示“有价值的小东西；有用的想法（或事实）；至理名言”，英文解释为“something that a person has said or written that is very true or very wise”如：a nugget of information/truth 有价值的消息/事实。

2）表示“（裹上面包屑炸成的）鸡块，鱼块”，英文解释为“a small piece of chicken or fish that has been covered in breadcrumbs and fried”举个🌰：She won't eat anything except chicken nuggets and pizza. 她除了炸鸡块和比萨饼之外什么都不吃。

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