“未出五服”什么意思？

今天，官方通报亮证逼迫让路事件，其中提到涉事双方是“未出五服的邻村表亲”引发热议。

据了解，未出五服指两人在家族世系中拥有共同的祖先，且相隔不超过五代（以自己为起点，上溯至高祖父/高祖母这一代）。传统“五服”即：己身→父母→祖父母→曾祖父母→高祖父母。若两人共同祖先在这一范围内，即为“未出五服”，属于较近的宗亲关系。

今天你练听力了吗？

🤔️小作业：

1. The author cites Trang Nguyen's comment about Vietnamese families primarily to:

A) Challenge the universality of whole-family estrangement patterns

B) Prove that sibling support can fully compensate for parental rejection

C) Advocate for cultural-specific therapy methods

D) Criticize collectivist societies' treatment of individuals

无注释原文：

The truth about family estrangement

From: BBC

While it could be easy to see estrangement as solely negative, the reality is more complicated. Just as traditional taboos against divorce can keep women tethered to abusive and exploitative marriages, a dogmatic belief in the sanctity of families can keep people suffering needlessly.

“Some of the clinical literature would say, actually, estrangement is maybe the best way to deal with these types of relationships,” says Gilligan. “If [relationships] are this conflictual, if they're causing this much anguish… maybe this is the healthiest way for parents and adult children to deal with that.”

People can feel that cutting out toxic relationships was the right choice. The Stand Alone report found that, for more than 80% of people affected, choosing to end contact is associated with at least some positive outcomes like freedom and independence. It can be a crucial step away from a legacy of abuse.

It's also important to note that estrangement isn't always permanent; people cycle in and out of distance and reunification. Nor are conflicts always with every other member of a family. Trang Nguyen, a public health researcher at Johns Hopkins University, comments that among Vietnamese families where there's parental rejection of LGBT women or trans men, “usually siblings are closer, and a supportive sibling helps a lot”.

Family estrangement is painful partly because it's an ambiguous loss, one without finality or closure. It's also one many other people don't understand.

“There definitely seems to be consequences of estrangement psychologically, but maybe the consequence is the stigma,” Gilligan says. In other words, cutting off contact with a family member might be most painful because of the way society misunderstands and attaches shame to it.

One online article aimed at pensioners blames individualism, divorce culture, psychotherapy, and “a child's immaturity” for estrangement. Even therapists commonly blame, dismiss or disbelieve their patients who are describing estrangement. Women are especially likely to be stigmatised. Some people limit their social interactions to avoid discussing family.

But experts say that people who are already isolated from their families shouldn't be made to feel even more alienated over their situation – whether it was one over which they had little control, or a decision unlikely to have been reached lightly. From an academic standpoint, the stigma also makes it hard to know exactly how many people are estranged from their families. It's especially likely to be under-reported in cultures where it's socially unacceptable to discuss family conflict.

Cookbook author Godbole is familiar with that stigma. “I have accepted that it may take a while for people to come around, and some never may,” she says. “I am OK with that.”

Estrangement, it seems, doesn't always need to be “fixed”. But as with other painful experiences, the shame of the situation might.

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为BBC官方译文，仅供参考

含注释全文：

The truth about family estrangement

From: BBC

While it could be easy to see estrangement as solely negative, the reality is more complicated. Just as traditional taboos against divorce can keep women tethered to abusive and exploitative marriages, a dogmatic belief in the sanctity of families can keep people suffering needlessly.

人们很容易发现家庭关系疏远消极的一面，但事实要比较复杂。正如反对离婚的传统观念会使女性深陷虐待和被剥削的婚姻束缚一样；将家庭观念奉为神圣会让人们承受不必要的痛苦。

estrangement /ɪˈstreɪndʒ.mənt/ 表示“隔阂；疏远”，英文解释为“a feeling that you do not understand someone or something, or do not have any connection with him, her, or it”举个🌰：College athletes share a feeling of estrangement from the other students. 大学运动员与其他学生有一种隔阂的感觉。

taboo /təˈbuː/ 表示“（宗教或社会习俗方面的）禁忌，忌讳”，英文解释为“a subject, word, or action that is avoided for religious or social reasons”举个🌰：In this society there is a taboo on/against any sort of public display of affection. 在这个社会里，人们忌讳当众示爱。

tethered /ˈteð.əd/ 1）表示“束缚”，英文解释为“tied to a post or fixed to the ground with a rope or chain”如：a tethered goat 拴着的山羊。

2）表示“（用手机为其他设备提供无线网络）系连的”，英文解释为“using a mobile phone as a wireless internet connection to which you can connect other devices”如：an unlimited smartphone plan with a 5GB tethered option 带5GB绑定选项的无限智能手机套餐。

exploitative /ɪkˈsplɔɪ.tə.tɪv/ 表示“利用的；剥削的；榨取的”，英文解释为“using someone unfairly for your own advantage”

dogmatic /dɒɡˈmæt.ɪk/ 表示“武断的；自以为是的；教条的”，英文解释为“If you are dogmatic, you are certain that you are right and that everyone else is wrong.”

sanctity /ˈsæŋktɪtɪ/ 表示“神圣性，圣洁性”，英文解释为“the quality of being holy”

📍the sanctity of human life, marriage表示“人的生命/婚姻等之神圣”，英文解释为“the quality of being very important and deserving respect”

“Some of the clinical literature would say, actually, estrangement is maybe the best way to deal with these types of relationships,” says Gilligan. “If [relationships] are this conflictual, if they're causing this much anguish… maybe this is the healthiest way for parents and adult children to deal with that.”

吉利根说：“实际上，一些临床文献表示，疏远能最有效地解决关系中存在的问题。如果这段关系中常有冲突，或是令人痛苦……减少联系和来往是最好的解决方式。”

clinical /ˈklɪn.ɪ.kəl/ 1）表示“门诊的，临床的”，英文解释为“used to refer to medical work or teaching that relates to the examination and treatment of ill people”如：clinical tests/training 临床试验/实习。

2）表示“冷漠的；无动于衷的；无感情的”，英文解释为“expressing no emotion or feelings”举个🌰：She seems to have a very clinical attitude towards her children. 她好像对子女们态度很冷漠。

literature /ˈlɪt.rə.tʃər/ 作名词，1）表示“文献，文献资料”，英文解释为“all the information relating to a subject, especially information written by experts”

2）表示“文学；（尤指有传世价值的）文学作品”，英文解释为“written artistic works, especially those with a high and lasting artistic value”如：classical/modern literature 古典/现代文学。

anguish /ˈæŋ.ɡwɪʃ/ 表示“（肉体或精神上的）极度痛苦，剧痛，悲痛”，英文解释为“extreme unhappiness caused by physical or mental suffering”举个🌰：His anguish at the outcome of the court case was very clear. 得知案子的庭审结果，他痛苦欲绝，这是显而易见的。

People can feel that cutting out toxic relationships was the right choice. The Stand Alone report found that, for more than 80% of people affected, choosing to end contact is associated with at least some positive outcomes like freedom and independence. It can be a crucial step away from a legacy of abuse.

断绝有害的关系，普遍认为是正确的选择。“Stand Alone”组织有一项报告指出，断绝联系后有80%的家庭能感受到积极的作用，如自由、独立等。这可能是摆脱虐待的关键所在。

toxic /ˈtɒksɪk/ 1）表示“有毒的；引起中毒的”，相当于poisonous，如：toxic waste/chemicals/effluent 有毒的废料/化学品/废水，牛津词典2018年度词汇就是：Toxic.

2）表示“令人极不愉快的；不可接受的”，英文解释为“very unpleasant or unacceptable”

3）表示“恶毒的；造成阴影的”，英文解释为“causing you a lot of harm and unhappiness over a long period of time”如：a toxic relationship 不良的关系。

📍词根“tox-”来自希腊语“toxon”，意味着“毒”。近义词：poisonous（有毒的），同根词：toxin（毒素），常用短语：toxic environment（有害环境）

legacy /ˈleɡ.ə.si/ 1）表示“遗产，遗赠”，英文解释为“money or property that you receive from someone after they die”举个🌰：An elderly cousin had left her a small legacy. 一位堂兄留给她一小笔遗产。

2）表示“历史遗产，遗留物”，英文解释为“something that is a part of your history or that remains from an earlier time”举个🌰：The Greeks have a rich legacy of literature. 希腊人有丰富的文学遗产。

It's also important to note that estrangement isn't always permanent; people cycle in and out of distance and reunification. Nor are conflicts always with every other member of a family. Trang Nguyen, a public health researcher at Johns Hopkins University, comments that among Vietnamese families where there's parental rejection of LGBT women or trans men, “usually siblings are closer, and a supportive sibling helps a lot”.

有一点需要指出：家庭成员断绝来往并不是永远的，人们常在产生隔阂与和解之间反复。家庭冲突也不会仅针对其中某一位成员。约翰霍普金斯大学（Johns Hopkins University）的公共卫生研究员阮桥庄（Trang Nguyen）说，越南父母对于LGBT中的女性和跨性别男性（女变男）接受度低。“一般来说越南家庭兄弟姐妹之间的关系更亲密，如果能有兄弟姐妹的支持，对于个体来说也会有很大帮助。”

reunification /ˌriː.juː.nɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ 表示“重新统一；重新团结”，英文解释为“an occasion when a country that was temporarily divided into smaller countries is joined together again as one country；the process of joining two parts of something, esp. a country, that were previously divided”如：the reunification of Germany 德国的重新统一。

sibling /ˈsɪb.lɪŋ/ 表示“兄；弟；姐；妹”，英文解释为“a brother or sister”

Family estrangement is painful partly because it's an ambiguous loss, one without finality or closure. It's also one many other people don't understand.

家庭成员疏远的痛苦，让人有一种莫名的怅然若失感，这种感觉会伴随始终。这也是没经历过的人所不能理解的。

finality /faɪˈnæl.ə.ti/ 表示“终结；定局；不可改变性”，英文解释为“the quality of being finished and therefore not able to be changed”如：the finality of death 终有一死。

“There definitely seems to be consequences of estrangement psychologically, but maybe the consequence is the stigma,” Gilligan says. In other words, cutting off contact with a family member might be most painful because of the way society misunderstands and attaches shame to it.

吉利根说：“被家庭疏远，会产生很多心理上的阴影。可能是由耻辱感所产生的。”换句话说，彻底和家庭成员断绝联系，可能是最为痛苦的。因为会被社会和其他人所误解，认为这么做很可耻。

stigma /ˈstɪɡ.mə/ 表示“耻辱；（尤指不公正的）恶名”，英文解释为“a strong feeling of disapproval that most people in a society have about something, especially when this is unfair”举个🌰：There is no longer any stigma to being divorced. 离婚不再是什么耻辱的事了。

One online article aimed at pensioners blames individualism, divorce culture, psychotherapy, and “a child's immaturity” for estrangement. Even therapists commonly blame, dismiss or disbelieve their patients who are describing estrangement. Women are especially likely to be stigmatised. Some people limit their social interactions to avoid discussing family.

网上一篇针对退休老人的文章，将家庭成员疏远归咎于个人主义、离婚文化、心理疾病以及子女的不成熟。有时候，甚至治疗师也会责备、拒绝或者干脆不相信遭家庭疏远者所讲述的，女性尤其容易受到责备。有些人甚至会减少社交频率，以避免讨论家庭话题。

pensioner /ˈpen.ʃən.ər/ 表示“领养老金者，退休人士”，英文解释为“a person who receives a pension, especially the government pension given to old people”举个🌰：Students and pensioners are entitled to a discount. 学生和退休人员可享受折扣。

psychotherapy /ˌsaɪ.kəʊˈθer.ə.pi/ 表示“心理治疗，精神疗法”，英文解释为“the treatment of mental illness by discussing someone's problems with them, instead of using drugs or operations”

immaturity /ˌɪm.əˈtʃʊə.rə.ti/ 1）表示“幼稚；不成熟”，英文解释为“Immaturity is a lack of the qualities and behaviour that you would expect from a sensible adult.”举个🌰：I am disgusted by the immaturity and stupidity presented in this column. 我对这个专栏的幼稚和愚蠢感到厌恶。

2）表示“发育未全，未成熟”，英文解释为“the state of being not yet completely grown or developed”如：physical immaturity 体格上的不成熟。

dismiss /dɪˈsmɪs/ 1）表示“对…不予理会，摒弃，（从头脑中）去除”，英文解释为“to decide that something or someone is not important and not worth considering”举个🌰：I think he'd dismissed me as an idiot within five minutes of meeting me. 我认为他和我见面5分钟后就把我归入了傻瓜之列。

2）表示“解雇；免职；开除”，英文解释为“to officially remove sb from their job”举个🌰：She claims she was unfairly dismissed from her post. 她声称自己被无理免职。

3）表示“（常指法官因证据不足而）驳回，不受理”，英文解释为“When a judge dismisses a court case, he or she formally stops the trial, often because there is not enough proof that someone is guilty.”举个🌰：The defending lawyer asked that the charge against his client be dismissed. 辩护律师请求驳回对其委托人的指控。

But experts say that people who are already isolated from their families shouldn't be made to feel even more alienated over their situation – whether it was one over which they had little control, or a decision unlikely to have been reached lightly. From an academic standpoint, the stigma also makes it hard to know exactly how many people are estranged from their families. It's especially likely to be under-reported in cultures where it's socially unacceptable to discuss family conflict.

专家表示，对于已经断绝家庭联系的人，无论这种断绝是否出于自愿，人们最好不要加深他们的疏远感。从学术角度来看，社会的责备加大了统计家庭疏远受害者人数的难度。在社会不接受公开讨论家庭冲突的文化中，统计数字也是不准确的。

alienate /ˈeɪljəˌneɪt/ 1）表示“使背离；使不友好；离间”，英文解释为“to make sb less friendly or sympathetic towards you”(LOSE SUPPORT)举个🌰：His comments have alienated a lot of young voters. 他的言论使许多年轻选民离他而去。

2）表示“使格格不入；使疏远”，英文解释为“to make someone feel that they are different and not part of a group”举个🌰：Disagreements can alienate teenagers from their families. 家庭争吵会使青少年跟家人产生感情裂痕。

🎬电影《猜情寻》（Chasing Amy）中的台词提到：Or you'll alienate him because of it. 或者你会因为这个而疏远他。

alienated /ˈeɪ.li.ə.neɪ.tɪd/ 表示“疏离的，疏远的，不合群的”，英文解释为“feeling that you have no connection with the people around you or that you are not part of a group”或者表示“（对于某人或某种观点）不再支持的”，英文解释为“feeling that you no longer support or agree with a person or group or their ideas”

Cookbook author Godbole is familiar with that stigma. “I have accepted that it may take a while for people to come around, and some never may,” she says. “I am OK with that.”

美食作家戈德博尔对这种耻辱感并不陌生。她说：“我承认，人们可能需要一段时间才会改变看法，有些人可能永远都不会。”

Estrangement, it seems, doesn't always need to be “fixed”. But as with other painful experiences, the shame of the situation might.

由此看来，与家人断绝关系并不是非“修复”不可。和其他痛苦的经历相似的是，因为与家人断绝关系而产生的耻辱感才是一定要修复的。

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