中国科学家完成全球首例猪肺移植到人体手术

近日，中国研究团队在英国学术期刊《自然-医学》在线发表论文，报告世界首个将基因编辑猪肺成功移植到脑死亡人体内的案例。

今天你练听力了吗？

🤔️小作业：

1. According to the article, how does the average lifespan of a transplanted lung compare to that of a transplanted kidney in human-to-human cases?

A. About half as long

B. About the same

C. About twice as long

D. About three times as long

无注释原文：

Scientists Perform First Pig-to-Human Lung Transplant

From: The New York Times

Scientists have dreamed for centuries about using animal organs to treat ailing humans. In recent years, those efforts have begun to bear fruit: Researchers have begun transplanting the hearts and kidneys of genetically modified pigs into patients, with varying degrees of success.

But lungs are notoriously difficult to transplant, even from human to human, and mortality rates are high. Now, in the first procedure of its kind, Chinese scientists on Monday reported transplanting a lung from a pig into a brain-dead man.

The organ sustained damage after it was transplanted but functioned to some degree, scientists at Guangzhou Medical University reported in the journal Nature Medicine. The organ was removed after nine days.

American scientists called the procedure exciting but urged caution.

“It's very promising and a great first step, but there is a lot more work to do to make this feasible,” said Dr. Stephanie Chang, an associate professor in cardiothoracic surgery at N.Y.U. Grossman School of Medicine and surgical director for the lung transplant program.

“If there is a way to actually source organs from animals and have them work in genetically modified ways, that would be very exciting,” she said.

While dialysis can help people with kidney failure, “there's not much that can replace your lungs,” Dr. Chang added.

In the United States alone, millions suffer from severe, life-threatening lung disease, including chronic conditions caused by Covid. Yet there is an extreme shortage of human lungs available for transplant. Many donor organs, damaged by a lifetime of environmental exposure, are simply not in good enough condition to transplant.

“If you put all the organs on a spectrum, the lung will always be the hardest to do,” said Dr. Leonardo Riella of Massachusetts General Hospital, who performed the first successful transplant of a kidney from a gene-edited pig into a living human.

In human-to-human transplants, “a normal kidney may last 12 to 14 years, while a lung may last five to seven years,” he said.

Research teams around the world have been increasing the number of experiments with organs from genetically modified pigs bred by different companies, with various sets of gene edits.

In March, a team of Chinese scientists reported that they had transplanted a genetically altered pig's liver into a brain-dead person, where it functioned for 10 days, producing bile and porcine albumin and maintaining stable blood flow without signs of rejection.

The U.S. company eGenesis is also studying the transplantation of pig livers in addition to other organs. In April, the company received authorization from the Food and Drug Administration to start clinical trials using pig livers to treat patients with a condition called acute-on-chronic liver failure. The treatment involves circulating the patients' blood outside the body through the animal's liver.

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为纽约时报官方译文，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Scientists Perform First Pig-to-Human Lung Transplant

From: The New York Times

Scientists have dreamed for centuries about using animal organs to treat ailing humans. In recent years, those efforts have begun to bear fruit: Researchers have begun transplanting the hearts and kidneys of genetically modified pigs into patients, with varying degrees of success.

几个世纪以来，科学家们一直梦想着利用动物器官治疗患病的人类。近年来，这些努力开始取得成果：研究人员已着手将经过基因改造的猪的心脏和肾脏移植到患者体内，取得了不同程度的成功。

ailing /ˈeɪ.lɪŋ/ 1）表示“境况不佳的，处境困难的；不景气的”，英文解释为“experiencing difficulty and problems”如：the country's ailing economy 该国不景气的经济。

2）表示“生病的，身体不佳的”，英文解释为“weak and suffering from illness”举个🌰：He's visiting his ailing father. 他去探望病中的父亲。

📍这个词来自“ail”（生病），表示“有疾病的”或“不健康的”。近义词：sickly（病弱的），同根词：ailment（疾病），常用短语：an ailing industry（一个衰弱的行业）

表示“有成果，获得成功”，英文解释为“If something that someone does bears fruit, it produces successful results.”举个🌰：Eventually her efforts bore fruit and she got the job she wanted. 最终她的努力有了结果，她得到了想要的工作。

transplant /trænˈsplɑːnt/ 表示“（尤指器官的）移植”，英文解释为“a medical operation in which a new organ is put into someone's body”如：a liver/kidney transplant 肝脏/肾脏移植。

也可以表示“移栽；（使）移居”，英文解释为“to move something, or to be moved, from one place or person to another”举个🌰：The plants should be grown indoors until spring, when they can be transplanted outside. 这些植物应该先种在室内，到了春天就可以移栽到外面。

genetically /dʒəˈnet.ɪ.kəl.i/ 表示“遗传地”，英文解释为“in a way that relates to genes (= units of DNA received by an animal or plant from its parents) ”举个🌰：The brain's response to pain is, at least in part, genetically determined. 大脑对疼痛的反应，至少部分由遗传决定。

表示“（稍作）修改，更改，改造，改变”，英文解释为“to change something such as a plan, opinion, law, or way of behaviour slightly, usually to improve it or make it more acceptable”举个🌰：The proposals were unpopular and were only accepted in a modified form. 这些建议不受欢迎，修改之后才得以接受。

But lungs are notoriously difficult to transplant, even from human to human, and mortality rates are high. Now, in the first procedure of its kind, Chinese scientists on Monday reported transplanting a lung from a pig into a brain-dead man.

然而，肺脏移植向来难度极大——即便在人类之间进行，死亡率也很高。如今，中国科学家于周一报告完成了全球首例猪肺移植到脑死亡者体内的手术，在该领域尚属首次。

副词词性 notoriously 众所周知地，声名狼藉地；形容词性：notorious 表示“臭名昭著的，声名狼藉的”，英文解释为“famous or well-known for something bad”，如：a notorious computer hacker 声名狼藉的电脑黑客。

mortality /mɔːˈtælɪtɪ/ 表示“死亡数量；死亡率”，英文解释为“the number of deaths in a particular situation or period of time”

区分：

📍morbidity /mɔːˈbɪdɪtɪ/ 表示“发病（率）”，英文解释为“the morbidity of a disease is how many people have it in a particular population”

procedure /prəˈsiːdʒə(r)/ 1）表示“程序；步骤；常规”，英文解释为“a set of actions that is the official or accepted way of doing something”举个🌰：The company has new procedures for dealing with complaints. 公司采取了新程序处理投诉事宜。

2）表示“医疗处理；手术”，英文解释为“a medical operation”举个🌰：It's a routine/standard surgical procedure. 这是一个普通的外科手术。

The organ sustained damage after it was transplanted but functioned to some degree, scientists at Guangzhou Medical University reported in the journal Nature Medicine. The organ was removed after nine days.

广州医科大学的科学家在《自然·医学》杂志上发表报告称，移植后的猪肺虽出现损伤，但仍在一定程度上具备功能，术后九天该器官被移除。

sustain /səˈsteɪn/ 1）表示“保持，维持，使持续，使继续”，英文解释为“to cause or allow something to continue for a period of time”举个🌰：The economy looks set to sustain its growth into next year. 看来经济的增长会持续到明年。

2）表示“经历，遭受（尤指破坏或损失）”，英文解释为“to suffer or experience, especially damage or loss”举个🌰：She sustained multiple injuries in the accident. 她在这次事故中多处受伤。

American scientists called the procedure exciting but urged caution.

美国科学家称这一手术令人振奋，但也强调需保持谨慎态度。

caution /ˈkɔː.ʃən/ 作名词，表示“谨慎，小心，慎重”，英文解释为“great care and attention”举个🌰：We need to proceed with/exercise caution (= be careful in taking action, making decisions, etc.) 我们必须谨慎行事。

作动词，表示“告诫，提醒”，英文解释为“to warn someone”举个🌰：The newspaper cautioned its readers against buying shares without getting good advice first. 报纸告诫读者事先没有获得好的建议，不要购买股票。

“It's very promising and a great first step, but there is a lot more work to do to make this feasible,” said Dr. Stephanie Chang, an associate professor in cardiothoracic surgery at N.Y.U. Grossman School of Medicine and surgical director for the lung transplant program.

“这一成果极具前景，是重要的第一步，但要实现临床可行性，仍有大量工作要做，”纽约大学格罗斯曼医学院心胸外科副教授、肺移植项目外科主任斯蒂芬妮·张（音）博士表示。

cardiothoracic /ˌkɑː.di.əʊ.θeˈræs.ɪk/ 表示“心脏与胸腔的”，英文解释为“relating to the heart and chest”

“If there is a way to actually source organs from animals and have them work in genetically modified ways, that would be very exciting,” she said.

“若真能找到从动物身上获取器官并通过基因改造使其适配人体的方法，那将是非常令人兴奋的突破。”她还说。

While dialysis can help people with kidney failure, “there's not much that can replace your lungs,” Dr. Chang added.

张博士还指出，透析可以帮助肾衰竭患者维持生命，但“目前几乎没有方法能真正替代肺的功能”。

dialysis /daɪˈæl.ə.sɪs/ 表示“渗析，透析，（尤指对肾病患者做的）血液透析”，英文解释为“a process of separating substances from liquid by putting them through a thin piece of skin-like material, especially in order to remove waste substances from the blood of someone whose kidneys are not working correctly”如：a dialysis machine 透析机。

In the United States alone, millions suffer from severe, life-threatening lung disease, including chronic conditions caused by Covid. Yet there is an extreme shortage of human lungs available for transplant. Many donor organs, damaged by a lifetime of environmental exposure, are simply not in good enough condition to transplant.

仅在美国就有数以百万计的人患有严重的、危及生命的肺部疾病，其中包括由新冠病毒引发的慢性肺病。然而，可供移植的人类肺源极度短缺。许多捐赠者的肺脏因长期受环境影响受损，状态根本无法满足移植要求。

chronic /ˈkrɒnɪk/ 1）表示“（疾病）慢性的，长期的”，英文解释为“a chronic disease or illness is one that continues for a long time and cannot be cured”如：chronic arthritis表示“慢性关节炎”。

2）表示“（问题）长期的”，英文解释为“a chronic problem is one that continues for a long time and cannot easily be solved”举个🌰：There is a chronic shortage of teachers. 长期存在师资短缺的问题。

3）还有一种解释是用来形容人“积习难改”，如“长期酗酒/沉迷赌博等的人”我们就可以用chronic alcoholic/gambler表示。

donor /ˈdəʊ.nər/ 1）表示“献血者；器官捐献者”，英文解释为“a person who gives some of their blood or a part of their body to help someone who is ill”如：a blood donor 献血者，a kidney donor 肾脏捐献者。

2）表示“捐助者，捐赠者”，英文解释为“a person who gives money or goods to an organization”举个🌰：Thanks to a large gift from an anonymous donor, the charity was able to continue its work. 多亏得到了一位匿名人士的大笔捐助，该慈善机构才得以继续运转。

“If you put all the organs on a spectrum, the lung will always be the hardest to do,” said Dr. Leonardo Riella of Massachusetts General Hospital, who performed the first successful transplant of a kidney from a gene-edited pig into a living human.

“若将所有器官按移植难度排序，肺脏永远是最难的，”麻省总医院的莱昂纳多·里埃拉博士说，他曾完成全球首例基因编辑猪肾移植到活人的成功手术。

spectrum /ˈspek.trəm/ 1）表示“范围；各层次；系列；幅度”，英文解释为“a complete or wide range of related qualities, ideas, etc.”如：a broad spectrum of interests 广泛的兴趣范围，举个🌰：A wide spectrum of opinion was represented at the meeting. 会上提出了一系列广泛的意见。

2）表示“光谱，谱”，英文解释为“The spectrum is the range of different colours which is produced when light passes through a glass prism or through a drop of water. A rainbow shows the colours in the spectrum.”

In human-to-human transplants, “a normal kidney may last 12 to 14 years, while a lung may last five to seven years,” he said.

他表示，在人类之间的器官移植中，“一颗健康的肾脏通常能存活12至14年，而肺脏的存活时间仅为五至七年。”

Research teams around the world have been increasing the number of experiments with organs from genetically modified pigs bred by different companies, with various sets of gene edits.

目前，全球各地的研究团队正不断增加对基因改造猪器官的实验探索，这些猪由不同公司培育，进行不同组合的基因编辑。

In March, a team of Chinese scientists reported that they had transplanted a genetically altered pig's liver into a brain-dead person, where it functioned for 10 days, producing bile and porcine albumin and maintaining stable blood flow without signs of rejection.

今年3月，一组中国科学家报告称，他们已将一颗基因改造猪的肝脏移植到一名脑死亡者体内，该肝脏正常运转了10天，期间能产生胆汁和猪白蛋白，维持稳定血流，且未出现排斥反应。

表示“（使）改变，更改，改动”，英文解释为“to become different; to make sb/sth different”举个🌰： We've had to alter some of our plans. 我们不得不对一些计划作了改动。

🎬电影《大侦探福尔摩斯》（Sherlock Holmes）中的台词提到：that will alter the very course of the world. 足以改变世界的力量。

The U.S. company eGenesis is also studying the transplantation of pig livers in addition to other organs. In April, the company received authorization from the Food and Drug Administration to start clinical trials using pig livers to treat patients with a condition called acute-on-chronic liver failure. The treatment involves circulating the patients' blood outside the body through the animal's liver.

美国公司eGenesis也在研究猪肝移植及其他器官移植。今年4月，该公司获得美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)授权，启动一项临床试验：利用猪肝脏治疗慢加急性肝衰竭患者，具体方式涉及将患者血液引出体外，通过猪肝脏进行过滤。

authorization /ˌɔː.θər.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ 表示“批准，准许;授权，委托”，英文解释为“official permission for something to happen, or the act of giving someone official permission to do something”举个🌰：Medical records cannot be disclosed without authorization from the patient. 非经病人许可，病历不得公开。

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