刚刚，2025年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓

北京时间10月6日17:45， 2025年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓：玛丽·E·布伦科（Mary E. Brunkow）、弗雷德·拉姆斯德尔（Fred Ramsdell）和坂口志文（Shimon Sakaguchi），表彰他们在外周免疫耐受方面的研究贡献（for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance）。

今天你练听力了吗？

🤔️小作业：

1. What can be inferred about the scientific community's attitude before Sakaguchi's 1995 discovery?

A. Most scientists believed the thymus played a limited role in immune tolerance.

B. Researchers had already identified regulatory T cells but didn't understand their function.

C. The majority accepted a simpler model of immune regulation focused only on the thymus.

D. The idea of immune self-regulation was already widely accepted.

无注释原文：

They discovered how the immune system is kept in check

From: nobelprize.org

The body's powerful immune system must be regulated, or it may attack our own organs. Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025 for their groundbreaking discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance that prevents the immune system from harming the body.

Every day, our immune system protects us from thousands of different microbes trying to invade our bodies. These all have different appearances, and many have developed similarities with human cells as a form of camouflage. So how does the immune system determine what it should attack and what it should defend?

Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025 for their fundamental discoveries relating to peripheral immune tolerance. The laureates identified the immune system's security guards, regulatory T cells, which prevent immune cells from attacking our own body.

“Their discoveries have been decisive for our understanding of how the immune system functions and why we do not all develop serious autoimmune diseases,” says Olle Kämpe, chair of the Nobel Committee.

Shimon Sakaguchi was swimming against the tide in 1995, when he made the first key discovery. At the time, many researchers were convinced that immune tolerance only developed due to potentially harmful immune cells being eliminated in the thymus, through a process called central tolerance. Sakaguchi showed that the immune system is more complex and discovered a previously unknown class of immune cells, which protect the body from autoimmune diseases.

Mary Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell made the other key discovery in 2001, when they presented the explanation for why a specific mouse strain was particularly vulnerable to autoimmune diseases. They had discovered that the mice have a mutation in a gene that they named Foxp3. They also showed that mutations in the human equivalent of this gene cause a serious autoimmune disease, IPEX.

Two years after this, Shimon Sakaguchi was able to link these discoveries. He proved that the Foxp3 gene governs the development of the cells he identified in 1995. These cells, now known as regulatory T cells, monitor other immune cells and ensure that our immune system tolerates our own tissues.

The laureates' discoveries launched the field of peripheral tolerance, spurring the development of medical treatments for cancer and autoimmune diseases. This may also lead to more successful transplantations. Several of these treatments are now undergoing clinical trials.

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

含注释全文：

They discovered how the immune system is kept in check

From: nobelprize.org

The body's powerful immune system must be regulated, or it may attack our own organs. Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025 for their groundbreaking discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance that prevents the immune system from harming the body.

身体强大的免疫系统必须受到调控，否则它可能会攻击自身器官。玛丽·E·布伦科（Mary E. Brunkow）、弗雷德·拉姆斯德尔（Fred Ramsdell）和坂口志文（Shimon Sakaguchi）因其在外周免疫耐受方面的开创性发现——揭示免疫系统如何避免攻击自身——获得2025年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。

1）表示“有免疫力”，英文解释为“cannot catch or be affected by a particular disease or illness”举个🌰：Adults are often immune to German measles. 成人往往对风疹有免疫力。

2）表示“不受影响”，英文解释为“not affected by sth”举个🌰：You'll eventually become immune to criticism. 你终究会不用在乎批评了。

3）表示“受保护；免除；豁免”，英文解释为“protected from sth and therefore able to avoid it”举个🌰：No one should be immune from prosecution. 任何人都不应免于被起诉。

organ /ˈɔː.ɡən/ 表示“（动植物的）器官”，英文解释为“a part of the body of an animal or plant that performs a particular job”如：an external/internal organ 外部/内部器官。

physiology /ˌfɪzɪˈɒlədʒɪ/ 表示“生理学”，英文解释为“(the scientific study of) the way in which the bodies of living things work”

groundbreaking /ˈɡraʊndˌbreɪ.kɪŋ/ 表示“开辟新天地的，独创的，开拓性的，里程碑性的”，英文解释为“You use groundbreaking to describe things which you think are significant because they provide new and positive ideas, and influence the way people think about things.” 如：groundbreaking research 开拓性的研究。

类似的：

📍pioneering /ˌpaɪəˈnɪə.rɪŋ/ 表示“先驱性的，开创性的”，英文解释为“using ideas and methods that have never been used before”如：pioneering techniques 创新技术。

📍seminal 表示“（对以后的发展）影响深远的，有重大意义的；（文章、书等）开创性的，有重大影响的”，英文解释为“a seminal article, book etc is important, and influences the way things develop in the future formal”，如：a seminal study 开创性研究，a seminal work/article 有巨大影响的著作/文章。

peripheral /pəˈrɪfərəl/ 1）表示“次要的，附带的”，英文解释为“Something that is peripheral is not as important as something else.”举个🌰：The book contains a great deal of peripheral detail. 该书包含了大量无关紧要的细节。

2）表示“外围的，边缘的”，英文解释为“happening at the edge of something”举个🌰：A figure came into my peripheral vision. 一个身影从远处映入我眼帘。

Every day, our immune system protects us from thousands of different microbes trying to invade our bodies. These all have different appearances, and many have developed similarities with human cells as a form of camouflage. So how does the immune system determine what it should attack and what it should defend?

我们的免疫系统每天都在抵御着无数企图入侵的微生物。它们形态各异，许多甚至进化出与人体细胞相似的特征以进行伪装。那么，免疫系统如何识别敌我，分清攻击目标与保护对象呢？

microbe /ˈmaɪ.krəʊb/ 表示“微生物；（尤指致病的）细菌”，英文解释为“a very small living thing, especially one that causes disease, that can only be seen with a microscope”

1）表示“武装入侵；侵略；侵犯”，英文解释为“to enter a country, town, etc. using military force in order to take control of it”举个🌰：The Romans invaded Britain 2,000 years ago. 2,000年前古罗马人入侵了英国。

2）表示“（尤指造成损害或混乱地）涌入；侵袭”，英文解释为“to enter a place in large numbers, especially in a way that causes damage or confusion”举个🌰：As the final whistle blew, fans began invading the field. 比赛结束的哨声一响，球迷便开始冲入球场。

camouflage /ˈkæm.ə.flɑːʒ/ 1）表示“（军事）掩护，隐蔽，伪装”，英文解释为“the use of leaves, branches, paints, and clothes for hiding soldiers or military equipment so that they cannot be seen against their surroundings”如：a camouflage jacket 迷彩夹克衫。

2）表示“（动植物的）保护色，保护形状”，英文解释为“the way that the colour or shape of an animal or plant appears to mix with its natural environment to prevent it from being seen by attackers”举个🌰：The lizard's light brown skin acts as (a) camouflage in the desert sand. 蜥蜴浅棕色的皮肤充当它在沙漠里的保护色。

3）表示“掩饰；伪装；隐瞒”，英文解释为“something that is meant to hide something, or behaviour that is intended to hide the truth”举个🌰：He believed that her kindness was merely a camouflage for her real intentions. 他认为她的好心不过是为了掩饰她的真实意图。

Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025 for their fundamental discoveries relating to peripheral immune tolerance. The laureates identified the immune system's security guards, regulatory T cells, which prevent immune cells from attacking our own body.

玛丽·布伦科、弗雷德·拉姆斯德尔和坂口志文因其在外周免疫耐受方面根本性的发现而获得2025年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。他们发现了免疫系统中的“安全卫士”——调节性T细胞，能防止免疫细胞攻击自身。

laureate /ˈlɔːrɪɪt/ 表示“荣誉获得者；获奖者”，英文解释为“a person who has been given an official honour or prize for sth important they have achieved”如：a Nobel laureate 诺贝尔奖获得者。

“Their discoveries have been decisive for our understanding of how the immune system functions and why we do not all develop serious autoimmune diseases,” says Olle Kämpe, chair of the Nobel Committee.

诺贝尔委员会主席奥勒·坎佩（Olle Kämpe）表示：“他们的发现对于我们理解免疫系统的运作原理以及人类为何并未普遍罹患严重的自身免疫疾病，具有决定性意义。”

autoimmune disease /ɔː.təʊ.ɪˈmjuːn dɪˌziːz/ 表示“自身免疫性疾病”，英文解释为“a disease in which a person's immune system wrongly attacks its own healthy tissues”

Shimon Sakaguchi was swimming against the tide in 1995, when he made the first key discovery. At the time, many researchers were convinced that immune tolerance only developed due to potentially harmful immune cells being eliminated in the thymus, through a process called central tolerance. Sakaguchi showed that the immune system is more complex and discovered a previously unknown class of immune cells, which protect the body from autoimmune diseases.

1995年，坂口志文逆势而行，做出了划时代的发现。当时，许多研究人员坚信免疫耐受仅通过胸腺内清除潜在有害的免疫细胞（称为中枢耐受）而形成。坂口志文证明免疫系统更为复杂，并发现了一类此前未知的免疫细胞，这些细胞能保护身体免受自身免疫疾病的侵袭。

go/swim against the tide表示“逆潮流，反潮流”，英文解释为“to not follow what everyone else is doing”

eliminate /iˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/ 1）表示“排除；消除；清除”，英文解释为“to remove or take away someone or something”举个🌰：A move towards healthy eating could help eliminate heart disease. 养成健康的饮食习惯有助于消除心脏病诱因。

2）表示“（比赛中）淘汰”，英文解释为“to defeat someone so that they cannot continue in a competition”举个🌰：He was eliminated in the third round of the competition. 他在第3轮比赛中被淘汰。

thymus /ˈθaɪ.məs/ 表示“胸腺”，英文解释为“a small gland behind the breastbone that helps build the immune system”

Mary Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell made the other key discovery in 2001, when they presented the explanation for why a specific mouse strain was particularly vulnerable to autoimmune diseases. They had discovered that the mice have a mutation in a gene that they named Foxp3. They also showed that mutations in the human equivalent of this gene cause a serious autoimmune disease, IPEX.

2001年，玛丽·布伦科与弗雷德·拉姆斯德尔做出了另一项关键发现，揭示了为何某种小鼠品系特别容易患自身免疫疾病。他们发现这些小鼠的Foxp3基因突变会导致免疫系统失控，而人类若出现同样突变，则会患上致命的自身免疫病IPEX。

strain /streɪn/ 1）表示“压力；重负；重压之下出现的问题（或担忧等）”，英文解释为“pressure on sb/sth because they have too much to do or manage, or sth very difficult to deal with; the problems, worry or anxiety that this produces”举个🌰：You will learn to cope with the stresses and strains of public life. 你要学会怎样应付公众人物生活的紧张和辛劳。

2）表示“（动植物的）品系，株系，品种”，英文解释为“an animal or plant from a particular group whose characteristics are different in some way from others of the same group”举个🌰：Scientists have discovered a new strain of the virus which is much more dangerous. 科学家们已经发现了一种危险得多的新病毒。

📍此前9000名乘客因鼻拭子重复使用受害文中出现的例句：The health ministry confirmed this week that it had recorded two cases of the more infectious strain that was first detected in India. 卫生部本周证实，已发现了两例在印度首次发现的更具传染性的病毒株。

3）表示“（肌肉等软组织的）损伤，拉伤，扭伤”，英文解释为“an injury to a muscle or similar soft part of the body caused by using that part too much”如：a groin/hamstring strain 腹股沟/腘旁腱拉伤。

4）strains 表示“旋律；曲调”，英文解释为“the sound of music being played or performed”举个🌰：I could hear the strains of Mozart in the background. 我听见背景音中有莫扎特的旋律。

表示“（生物物种的）变异，突变”，英文解释为“a process in which the genetic material of a person, a plant or an animal changes in structure when it is passed on to children, etc., causing different physical characteristics to develop; a change of this kind”如：cells affected by mutation 受到突变影响的细胞。

equivalent /ɪˈkwɪv.əl.ənt/ 1）作形容词，表示“（价值、数量、意义、重要性等）相等的，相同的”，英文解释为“equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, etc.”举个🌰：Eight kilometres is roughly equivalent to five miles. 八公里约等于五英里。

2）作名词，表示“相等的东西；等量；对应词”，英文解释为“a thing, amount, word, etc. that is equivalent to sth else”

Two years after this, Shimon Sakaguchi was able to link these discoveries. He proved that the Foxp3 gene governs the development of the cells he identified in 1995. These cells, now known as regulatory T cells, monitor other immune cells and ensure that our immune system tolerates our own tissues.

两年后，坂口志文成功将这些发现联系起来，证实Foxp3基因正是调控他于1995年发现的那类细胞发育的关键。这类如今被称为“调节性T细胞”的免疫细胞，能够监控其他免疫细胞并确保免疫系统对自身组织保持耐受。

govern /ˈɡʌv.ən/ 1）表示“统治；管理；治理”，英文解释为“to control and direct the public business of a country, city, group of people, etc.”

2）表示“支配；控制；影响”，英文解释为“to have a controlling influence on something”举个🌰：Prices of goods are governed by the cost of the raw materials, as well as by the cost of production and distribution. 商品的价格不但取决于生产和运销成本，而且取决于原材料的价格。

The laureates' discoveries launched the field of peripheral tolerance, spurring the development of medical treatments for cancer and autoimmune diseases. This may also lead to more successful transplantations. Several of these treatments are now undergoing clinical trials.

三位获奖者的发现开创了外周耐受研究领域，促进了癌症和自身免疫病疗法的发展，也为器官移植带来新希望。目前，多种基于这一机制的治疗方案正进入临床阶段。

spur /spɜːr/ 表示“鼓动；激励；鞭策；刺激；鼓舞”，英文解释为“If one thing spurs you to do another, it encourages you to do it.”举个🌰：It's the money that spurs these fishermen to risk a long ocean journey in their flimsy boats. 是金钱驱使这些渔民驾驶单薄的小船冒险出海远航。Spurred (on) by her early success, she went on to write four more novels in rapid succession. 受到之前成功的鼓励，她紧接着又连续写了4部小说。

transplantation /ˌtræn.splaːnˈteɪ.ʃən/ 1）表示“转移”，英文解释为“the act of moving something from one place to another”举个🌰：Plants must be strong enough to survive transplantation. 植物要足够强壮才能在移植的时候存活下来。

2）表示“器官移植”，英文解释为“taking body tissues from one body and placing them in another body or in another part of the same body”如：bone marrow transplantation 骨髓移植。

clinical trial /ˌklɪn.ɪ.kəl ˈtraɪ.əl/ 表示“临床试验”，英文解释为“a scientific test of the effectiveness and safety of something such as a drug or medical treatment, which involves using it with patients in a controlled way”举个🌰：Scientists are conducting large-scale clinical trials to test whether aspirin can reduce the risk of bowel cancer. 科学家们正在开展大规模临床试验，研究阿司匹林是否能降低大肠癌风险。

- 词汇盘点 -

- 词汇助记 By AI -

LearnAndRecord

2015年2月8日

2025年10月6日

第3894天

每天持续行动学外语