失眠的原因可能找到了

近日，大阪公立大学最新研究发现，长距离通勤与小户型住房似乎正在成为大都市居民失眠的隐形推手。

今天你练听力了吗？

🤔️小作业：

1. What can be inferred about metropolitan housing from the article?

A. It typically provides more living space than suburban housing

B. It sacrifices living comfort for shorter commute times

C. It is the main reason for sleep-related economic losses

D. It has no measurable impact on people's daytime alertness

无注释原文：

Long commutes and small homes are wrecking sleep

From: Science Daily

One-third of our lives is spent sleeping, yet 30 to 40 percent of adults are reported to experience some form of insomnia. Japan in particular has the lowest sleep duration among the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, falling at one hour below average.

Public health research has identified long commutes, noise, and light pollution from densely populated living environments as factors that impair sleep. While such metropolitan housing offers advantages in commuting time, its livability is far less than the suburbs.

To find a balance between convenience and sleep, urban architecture research, which examines the relationship between housing location, size, and sleep health, could help answer the question of "Where and what size home should one have for better sleep?"

Seeking this answer, a research group led by Professor Daisuke Matsushita at Osaka Metropolitan University's Graduate School of Human Life and Ecology investigated whether commuting time and residence predict insomnia and daytime sleepiness among residents of the Tokyo metropolitan area.

Based on an online survey using stratified random sampling, commute time was calculated using a route search system derived from the mode of transportation and postal codes of participants' homes and workplaces. Insomnia and daytime sleepiness were assessed using the Athens Insomnia Scale and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The team also examined whether these relationships persist after adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic factors.

Data analysis revealed that even after adjusting for covariates, longer commutes predicted insomnia and daytime sleepiness, while smaller housing size predicted insomnia. Further, a trade-off was observed between commuting time and floor area in cases of insomnia. For housing units meeting the urban-oriented residential area standard of 95 m² for a four-person household, commuting times exceeding 52 minutes reached the insomnia cutoff value.

"Housing choices and supply that consider the trade-off between location and size may help improve the sleep health of commuters and reduce sleep-related economic losses in metropolitan areas," said Professor Matsushita.

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Long commutes and small homes are wrecking sleep

From: Science Daily

One-third of our lives is spent sleeping, yet 30 to 40 percent of adults are reported to experience some form of insomnia. Japan in particular has the lowest sleep duration among the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, falling at one hour below average.

人生有三分之一时光在睡梦中度过，然而数据显示30%-40%的成年人深受失眠困扰。在经合组织（OECD）国家中，日本人睡眠时长垫底，较平均水平少一小时。

commute /kəˈmjuːt/ 可以作名词，也可以作动词，表示“上下班往返；往返于工作地点与家之间；通勤”，英文解释为“a regular journey between work and home”举个🌰：It's at least an hour's commute to work. 上班路上至少要花1个小时。

wreck /rek/ 作动词，表示“破坏；损坏；毁坏；毁灭；毁掉”，英文解释为“wrecksth to damage or destroy sth”举个🌰：The building had been wrecked by the explosion. 那座楼房被炸毁了。The weather wrecked all our plans. 天气把我们的计划全都毁了。

作名词，表示“严重损毁的交通工具；沉船”，英文解释为“a vehicle or ship that has been destroyed or badly damaged”举个🌰：Divers exploring the wreck managed to salvage some coins and jewellery. 探寻沉船的潜水员们设法打捞到了一些硬币和珠宝。

insomnia /ɪnˈsɒmnɪə/ 表示“失眠（症）”，英文解释为“the condition of being unable to sleep, over a period of time”举个🌰：He suffered from insomnia caused by stress at work. 他因为工作压力失眠了好几个月。

Public health research has identified long commutes, noise, and light pollution from densely populated living environments as factors that impair sleep. While such metropolitan housing offers advantages in commuting time, its livability is far less than the suburbs.

公共卫生研究发现，长时间通勤、噪音污染以及高密度居住环境产生的光污染，都是损害睡眠质量的因素。尽管都市住宅具有通勤时间短的优势，但其居住舒适度远逊于郊区住宅。

densely /ˈdens.li/ 表示“密集地”，英文解释为“with a lot of things close together”举个🌰：England was once a densely wooded country (= a lot of trees grew close together there). 英格兰曾经林木茂密。

表示“有人居住的；聚居了的；栖息了的”举个🌰：The southeast is the most densely populated area. 东南部是最稠密的居住区。

impair /ɪmˈpeər/ 表示“损害；削弱，损伤”，英文解释为“If something impairs something such as an ability or the way something works, it damages it or makes it worse.”举个🌰：The illness had impaired his ability to think and concentrate. 这种疾病损害了他的思维能力和注意力。

metropolitan /ˌmet.rəˈpɒl.ɪ.tən/ 表示“大都市的”，英文解释为“relating to a large city”如：the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York 纽约大都会艺术博物馆，a metropolitan area 大都市区。

To find a balance between convenience and sleep, urban architecture research, which examines the relationship between housing location, size, and sleep health, could help answer the question of "Where and what size home should one have for better sleep?"

为了在居住便利与睡眠质量间寻求平衡，城市规划研究通过分析住房区位、面积与睡眠健康的关系，试图解答“何处安家、居所多大方能安眠”的现实命题。

Seeking this answer, a research group led by Professor Daisuke Matsushita at Osaka Metropolitan University's Graduate School of Human Life and Ecology investigated whether commuting time and residence predict insomnia and daytime sleepiness among residents of the Tokyo metropolitan area.

为此，日本大阪公立大学松下大辅（Daisuke Matsushita）教授团队以东京都市圈居民为研究对象，分析通勤时间与居住条件对失眠和日间嗜睡的影响情况。

residence /ˈrez.ɪ.dəns/ 表示“住所；住房；宅第”，英文解释为“a home”如：the Governor's official residence 总督官邸。

Based on an online survey using stratified random sampling, commute time was calculated using a route search system derived from the mode of transportation and postal codes of participants' homes and workplaces. Insomnia and daytime sleepiness were assessed using the Athens Insomnia Scale and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The team also examined whether these relationships persist after adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic factors.

研究采用分层随机抽样进行网络调查，根据受访者家庭与工作地邮政编码、通勤方式，通过路径搜索系统精确计算通勤时长。采用雅典失眠量表（AIS）和爱普沃斯嗜睡量表（ESS）评估睡眠状况，并在校正人口学和社会经济因素后，验证变量关系的稳定性。

stratify /ˈstræt.ɪ.faɪ/ 表示“使分层；使成层；将…分组”，英文解释为“to arrange the different parts of something in separate layers or groups”如：a stratified society 分层的社会，举个🌰：The sample of people questioned was drawn from the university's student register and stratified by age and gender. 调查问卷的抽样人群选自大学的学生名单，按年龄和性别分组。

random sampling /ˌræn.dəm ˈsɑːm.pəl.ɪŋ/ 表示“随机取样”，英文解释为“the process of choosing items to test without using any pattern as to how they are chosen”

derive /dɪˈraɪv/ 表示“从…中得到，从…中获得”，英文解释为“to get something from something else”举个🌰：She derives great pleasure from playing the violin. 拉小提琴能让她获得极大的乐趣。

📺英剧《唐顿庄园》（Downton Abbey）中的台词提到：Lord Gillingham thought Lady Mary might derive benefit from it. 吉利安姆子爵觉得玛丽小姐去参加一下有好处。

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述2020年诺贝尔经济学奖的文章中提到：Mr Milgrom (whose doctoral thesis was supervised by Mr Wilson) derived a number of important lessons from his analyses. 米尔格罗姆（威尔逊是他的博士论文导师）通过分析得出了许多重要经验。

postal code = postcode /ˈpəʊst.kəʊd/ 表示“邮政编码”，英文解释为“in Britain, a short series of letters and numbers that is part of an address, and shows exactly where a place is”

persist /pəˈsɪst/ 1）表示“继续存在（发生）；持续；存留”，英文解释为“If something bad persists, it continues to exist or happen”举个🌰：If the pain persists, you must see a doctor. 如果一直痛，你就必须去看医生了。

2）表示“坚持；执意”，英文解释为“to continue to do something, although this is difficult, or other people oppose it”举个🌰：‘I don't think it's right,’ He persisted. “我认为那不对。”他坚持说道。

demographic /ˌdem.əˈɡræf.ɪk/ 1）作形容词，表示“人口的；人口统计的；人口学的”，英文解释为“relating to demography (= the study of populations and the different groups that make them up)”举个🌰：There have been monumental social and demographic changes in the country. 该国的社会和人口状况已经发生了巨大的变化。

2）作名词，表示“（顾客）族群”，英文解释为“a group of people, for example customers, who are similar in age, social class, etc.”举个🌰：This demographic (young teenagers) is the fastest-growing age group using the site. 该族群（十几岁的年轻人）是使用这个网站人数增长最快的年龄群体。

📍demographics /ˌdem.əˈɡræf.ɪks/ 表示“人口统计数据，人口统计结果”，英文解释为“the number and characteristics of people who live in a particular area or form a particular group, especially in relation to their age, how much money they have and what they spend it on”举个🌰：The demographics of the country have changed dramatically in recent years. 近年来该国的人口统计数据发生了巨大的变化。

socioeconomic /ˌsəʊ.si.əʊˌek.əˈnɒm.ɪk/ 表示“社会经济的；社会经济地位（不同）的”，英文解释为“related to the differences between groups of people caused mainly by their financial situation”如：socioeconomic groups/groupings 社会经济群体，socioeconomic factors 社会经济因素。

Data analysis revealed that even after adjusting for covariates, longer commutes predicted insomnia and daytime sleepiness, while smaller housing size predicted insomnia. Further, a trade-off was observed between commuting time and floor area in cases of insomnia. For housing units meeting the urban-oriented residential area standard of 95 m² for a four-person household, commuting times exceeding 52 minutes reached the insomnia cutoff value.

数据分析显示，即使在调整协变量后，通勤时间延长会加剧失眠与日间嗜睡，而居住面积缩小则直接导致失眠风险上升。此外，研究还发现通勤时间与住房面积存在此消彼长的关：以四口之家95平方米的城市居住标准为例，当通勤时间超过52分钟即达到失眠临界值。

covariate /ˌkəʊˈveər.i.ət/ 表示“协变量；共变量，共变数”，英文解释为“in a study, a variable (= a quantity that can change) that may affect the result of what is being studied”举个🌰：An analysis was performed using age as the covariate. 以年龄作为共变量进行分析。

1）表示“平衡；协调”，英文解释为“a situation in which you balance two opposing situations or qualities”举个🌰：There is a trade-off between doing the job accurately and doing it quickly. 工作做得准确无误和迅速快捷之间有个平衡。

2）表示“妥协，让步”，英文解释为“a situation in which you accept something bad in order to have something good”举个🌰：For some car buyers, lack of space is an acceptable trade-off for a sporty design. 对一些购车者而言，设计成跑车风格的车型即使空间狭小也是可以接受的。

exceed /ɪkˈsiːd/ 表示“超过，超出（数量）；超越（规定的范围）”，英文解释为“to be greater than a number or amount, or to go past an allowed limit”举个🌰：The final cost should not exceed ￥100. 最终的花费不应超出100元。

📍词根“-ceed”表示"走，去"，前缀“ex-”表示"出，超出"。近义词：surpass（超过），同根词：proceed（进行），succeed（成功）

cutoff /ˈkʌt.ɒf/ 1）表示“取舍点；截止点”，英文解释为“a fixed point or level at which you stop including people or things”举个🌰：31 March is the cutoff date for applications to be accepted. 3月31日是接受申请的截止日期。

2）表示“切断供应；中断供应”，英文解释为“the act of stopping the supply of something”举个🌰：The US has announced a cutoff of military aid to the country. 美国宣布停止对该国的军事援助。

"Housing choices and supply that consider the trade-off between location and size may help improve the sleep health of commuters and reduce sleep-related economic losses in metropolitan areas," said Professor Matsushita.

松下教授指出：“在住房选择与市场供应中统筹考量区位与面积的平衡关系，将有效提升通勤族睡眠健康水平，降低大都市因睡眠问题导致的巨额经济社会损失。”

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