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“考研备考，就像黑屋子里洗衣服，你不知道洗干净了没有，只能一遍一遍地去洗。等到上了考场那一刻，灯光亮了。你发现，只要你认真洗过了，那件衣服光亮如新。而你以后，每次穿这件衣服都会想起那段岁月。”

明天，一年一度的考研日。愿你所有的努力都不被辜负，愿所经历的苦楚让你成为更好的自己。

今天你练听力了吗？

🤔️小作业：

1. The reference to judges' rulings primarily serves to:

A. Argue that legal systems are biased against defendants

B. Provide an external analogy supporting the study's findings

C. Suggest that examiners and judges share similar professional pressures

D. Question the validity of time-based performance research

无注释原文：

Early morning is the worst time to take your exams, study finds

From: The Independent

Midday may be the best time to take an oral exam, interview for a job, or even go on trial, a new study has found.

Researchers at Italy's University of Messina found a significant difference in students' pass rates in the late morning compared to early morning or late afternoon.

At 12pm the students' passing rate was 72 per cent, compared to 54 per cent at 8am and 51 per cent at 4pm. Pass rates at 11am and 1pm were slightly lower at 67 per cent.

“We show that academic assessment outcomes vary systematically across the day, with a clear peak in passing rates around midday,” said Professor Carmelo Mario Vicario.

“Students were more likely to pass in late morning compared with early morning or late afternoon,” he said. “We believe this pattern could extend to job interviews or any evaluative process scheduled throughout the day.”

The study was based on the outcome of 104,552 assessments delivered by 680 examiners for 1,243 courses. The researchers chose to look at university oral exams, which are more subjective and aren't marked solely on correct answers, but also on delivery.

It follows research showing that judges are more likely to rule in favour of a defendant at the start of sessions or after meal breaks.

However, it is thought that this could also come down to the types of cases that are heard at different times of day.

While the study could not identify the exact cause, it said the midday peak was consistent with evidence that cognitive performance improves over the morning and declines during the afternoon.

The report said this could be due to the students' falling energy levels, as well as professors', who may give a harsher mark if they are experiencing decision fatigue.

Researchers also said that it could be a result of students and professors competing chronotypes, the body's natural preference of sleeping times.

“People in their early 20s are usually night owls, while people in their 40s or older tend to be morning larks. The students might be least cognitively sharp at the time when the professors are most alert.”

Prof Vicario suggested that to counteract these effects, students would benefit from better sleep, mental breaks, and scheduling exams outside of personal low periods.

“For institutions, delaying morning sessions or clustering key assessments in the late morning may improve outcomes.

“We believe this pattern could extend to job interviews or any evaluative process scheduled throughout the day.

“We would be very interested in investigating whether hiring decisions, too, fluctuate in fairness or outcome depending on time of day.”

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Early morning is the worst time to take your exams, study finds

From: The Independent

Midday may be the best time to take an oral exam, interview for a job, or even go on trial, a new study has found.

一项新研究发现，中午可能是参加口试、求职面试，甚至出庭受审的最佳时间。

Researchers at Italy's University of Messina found a significant difference in students' pass rates in the late morning compared to early morning or late afternoon.

意大利墨西拿大学的研究人员发现，与清晨或傍晚相比，学生在接近中午时参加考试的通过率存在显著差异。

At 12pm the students' passing rate was 72 per cent, compared to 54 per cent at 8am and 51 per cent at 4pm. Pass rates at 11am and 1pm were slightly lower at 67 per cent.

中午12点学生的通过率为72%，而早上8点为54%，下午4点仅为51%；上午11点和下午1点的通过率略低，为67%。

“We show that academic assessment outcomes vary systematically across the day, with a clear peak in passing rates around midday,” said Professor Carmelo Mario Vicario.

卡梅洛·马里奥·维卡里奥教授表示：“我们的研究表明，学业考核结果在一天中呈现出系统性波动，通过率在中午左右达到明显峰值。”

peak /piːk/ 可以作名词，也可以作动词，表示“（达到）峰值”，英文解释为“When something peaks, it reaches its highest value or its highest level.”举个🌰：Temperatures have peaked at over 90 degrees. 温度已达到峰值，超过了90度。

“Students were more likely to pass in late morning compared with early morning or late afternoon,” he said. “We believe this pattern could extend to job interviews or any evaluative process scheduled throughout the day.”

他说：“与清晨或傍晚相比，接近中午时学生更容易通过考试。我们认为，这一规律也可能适用于求职面试或其他全天安排的考核过程。”

evaluative /ɪˈvæl.ju.ə.tɪv/ 表示“评估的，评价的；估值的”，英文解释为“involving judging or calculating the quality, importance, amount, or value of something”如：evaluative research 评价研究。

schedule /ˈʃedʒ.uːl/ /ˈskedʒ.uːl/ 表示“为…安排时间；安排，排定”，英文解释为“to arrange that an event or activity will happen at a particular time”举个🌰：The meeting has been scheduled for tomorrow afternoon. 会议安排在明天下午。

The study was based on the outcome of 104,552 assessments delivered by 680 examiners for 1,243 courses.

该研究基于1243门课程、680名考官所进行的104,552次考核结果。

The researchers chose to look at university oral exams, which are more subjective and aren't marked solely on correct answers, but also on delivery.

研究人员选择分析大学口试，因为这类考试更具主观性，评分不仅取决于答案是否正确，还与表达方式有关。

subjective /səbˈdʒek.tɪv/ 表示“主观的”，英文解释为“influenced by or based on personal beliefs or feelings, rather than based on facts”

delivery /dɪˈlɪv.ər.i/ 1）表示“运送，递送，投递”，英文解释为“the act of taking goods, letters, parcels, etc. to people's houses or places of work”举个🌰：We get two deliveries of mail (= it is delivered twice) a day. 我们每天会接收到两次邮件。

2）表示“演讲风格（或方式）；表演风格（或方式）”，英文解释为“the way in which someone speaks in public”举个🌰：The beautiful poetry was ruined by her poor delivery.这优美的诗被她拙劣的朗诵给糟蹋了。

3）表示“分娩”，英文解释为“the process of giving birth to a baby”如：an easy/difficult delivery 顺/难产。

It follows research showing that judges are more likely to rule in favour of a defendant at the start of sessions or after meal breaks.

这一发现与此前研究相呼应：研究表明，法官在开庭初期或饭后休息后，更倾向于作出有利于被告的裁决。

defendant /dɪˈfen.dənt/ 表示“被告，被告人”，英文解释为“a person in a law case who is accused of having done something illegal”

session /ˈseʃ.ən/ 1）表示“（议会等机构的）会议；（法庭的）开庭”，英文解释为“a formal meeting or series of meetings of an organization such as a parliament or a law court”举个🌰：The parliamentary session is due to end on 19 December. 议会会议将于12月19日结束。

2）表示“（从事某项活动的）一段时间（或集会）；一场；一节”，英文解释为“a period of time or meeting arranged for a particular activity”举个🌰：The runner twisted his ankle in a training session. 这位赛跑运动员在训练时扭伤了脚踝。

3）表示“学年；学期；上课时间”，英文解释为“at a college, any of the periods of time that a teaching year or day is divided into, or the teaching year itself”举个🌰：He taught a class during the summer session. 在夏季开学期间他教了一堂课。

However, it is thought that this could also come down to the types of cases that are heard at different times of day.

不过，也有人认为，这种现象可能与不同时段审理的案件类型有关。

While the study could not identify the exact cause, it said the midday peak was consistent with evidence that cognitive performance improves over the morning and declines during the afternoon.

尽管研究未能判断确切原因，但指出中午通过率高峰与既有证据一致：认知表现通常在上午逐步提升，在下午开始下降。

1）表示“（尤指不好的事情发生的）原因，起因”，英文解释为“the reason why something, especially something bad, happens”举个🌰：The police are still trying to establish the cause of the fire. 警方仍在努力查证失火的原因。

2）表示“（为某些人所强烈支持的）原则，事业，目标”，英文解释为“a socially valuable principle that is strongly supported by some people”举个🌰： They are fighting for a cause - the liberation of their people. 他们正为解放人民这一事业而战斗。

cognitive /ˈkɒɡ.nə.tɪv/ 表示“认知的；感知的；认识的”，英文解释为“Cognitive means relating to the mental process involved in knowing, learning, and understanding things.”举个🌰：As children grow older, their cognitive processes become sharper. 随着孩子们长大，他们的认知过程也变得越来越敏锐了。

The report said this could be due to the students' falling energy levels, as well as professors', who may give a harsher mark if they are experiencing decision fatigue.

研究称，这可能与学生和教授精力下降有关，教授在出现决策疲劳时，评分可能更为严苛。

harsh /hɑːʃ/ 作形容词，1）表示“令人不快的；严酷的；（无端地）严厉的”，英文解释为“unpleasant, unkind, cruel, or more severe than is necessary”如：harsh criticism 严厉的批评。

2）表示“刺眼的；刺耳的；过于强烈的”，英文解释为“too strong, bright, loud, etc.”如：harsh lighting 刺眼的光线。

fatigue /fəˈtiːɡ/ 表示“疲劳；劳累”，英文解释为“a feeling of being extremely tired, usually because of hard work or exercise”如：physical and mental fatigue 身体和精神的疲劳。

Researchers also said that it could be a result of students and professors competing chronotypes, the body's natural preference of sleeping times.

研究人员还表示，这可能与学生和教授不同的昼夜节律有关，即人体对作息时间的自然偏好差异。

词根：chrono-（时间）+ type（类型），表示“时间型或生理时钟类型”。这是指一个人身体内在的昼夜节律偏好，决定了你通常是“早起鸟”还是“夜猫子”，即你自然倾向的睡眠和清醒时间。

“People in their early 20s are usually night owls, while people in their 40s or older tend to be morning larks. The students might be least cognitively sharp at the time when the professors are most alert.”

“20岁出头的人通常偏向夜猫子，而40岁以上的人更像早起型。学生可能恰恰在教授最清醒的时候，处于认知状态最低点。”

owl = night owl /ˈnaɪt ˌaʊl/ 表示“夜猫子”，英文解释为“a person who prefers to be awake and active at night”

lark /lɑːk/ 表示“云雀，百灵鸟”，英文解释为“a small, brown bird that is known for its beautiful singing”

也可以用来指代早起的人，这个用法来自于云雀这种鸟的习性，因为云雀通常在清晨就开始歌唱，所以它成为了早起的象征。在这种情况下，lark是指那些喜欢早起、晨早活动的人，和night owl（夜猫子）相对。

Prof Vicario suggested that to counteract these effects, students would benefit from better sleep, mental breaks, and scheduling exams outside of personal low periods.

维卡里奥教授建议，为抵消这些影响，学生应保证充足睡眠、适当进行心理休息，并尽量避开自身状态低谷参加考试。

counteract /ˌkaʊn.tərˈækt/ 表示“抵消；对抗；减少”，英文解释为“to reduce or remove the effect of something unwanted by producing an opposite effect”举个🌰：Drinking a lot of water counteracts the dehydrating effects of hot weather. 大量饮水可缓解炎热天气引起的脱水。

📺美剧《绝命毒师》（Breaking Bad）中的台词提到：Although, we'll prescribe an anti-emetic and try to counteract that. 不过我们会开些止吐剂 帮助缓解症状。

“For institutions, delaying morning sessions or clustering key assessments in the late morning may improve outcomes.

对于学校而言，推迟早间安排，或将关键考核集中在上午后段，可能有助于提升整体结果。

cluster /ˈklʌs.tər/ 此处表示“集中安排，聚集在一起”，作动词，表示“群集，丛生；聚集”，英文解释为“be ore come into a cluster or close group; congregate”举个🌰：The children clustered together in the corner of the room. 孩子们聚集在房间的角落里。

作名词，1）表示“（人或动物的）群，团，组”，英文解释为“a group of people, animals or things close together”如：a cluster of spectators 一群旁观者；

2）表示“（同类物丛生或聚集的）簇，团，束，串”，英文解释为“a group of things of the same type that grow or appear close together”

“We believe this pattern could extend to job interviews or any evaluative process scheduled throughout the day.

“我们认为，这一模式也可能适用于求职面试或任何在一天中进行的考核过程。”

“We would be very interested in investigating whether hiring decisions, too, fluctuate in fairness or outcome depending on time of day.”

“我们非常希望进一步研究，招聘决策是否也会随着时间不同，在公平性或结果上产生波动。”

fluctuate /ˈflʌk.tʃu.eɪt/ 表示“（尤指持续）波动，起伏不定”，英文解释为“to change, especially continuously and between one level or thing and another”举个🌰：Vegetable prices fluctuate according to the season. 蔬菜价格随着季节变化而涨落。

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