英语一难不难

考研第一天，考研英语相关话题#英语一我恨你 和#英语二简单 形成两极分化。

听说小作文考到Chinese families' handwritten letters，就来蹭个热点吧。

今天你练听力了吗？

🤔️小作业：

1. Which inference can be made about typing-based learning, based on the study's results?

A. Typing is ineffective for learning new writing systems

B. Typing leads to slower recognition of unfamiliar letters

C. Typing supports recognition but is less efficient for broader language use

D. Typing requires more practice sessions due to higher error rates

无注释原文：

Handwriting Is Better Than Typing When Learning a New Language, Study Finds

From: Science Alert

In our daily lives, we spend a lot more time tapping at a screen and typing on a keyboard than writing with pencil and pen, so does handwriting tuition still offer anything useful? Absolutely, according to a new study.

Researchers tasked 42 adult volunteers with learning the Arabic alphabet from scratch: some through writing it out on paper, some through typing it out on a keyboard, and some through watching and responding to video instructions.

Those in the handwriting group not only learned the unfamiliar letters more quickly, but they were also better able to apply their new knowledge in other areas – by using the letters to make new words and to recognize words they hadn't seen before, for example.

"The question out there for parents and educators is why should our kids spend any time doing handwriting," says cognitive scientist Brenda Rapp from Johns Hopkins University. "Obviously, you're going to be a better hand-writer if you practice it. But since people are handwriting less, then maybe who cares?"

"The real question is: Are there other benefits to handwriting that have to do with reading and spelling and understanding? We find there most definitely are."

While writing, typing, and visual learning were effective at teaching participants to recognize Arabic letters – learners made very few mistakes after six exercise sessions – on average, the writing group needed fewer sessions to get to a good standard.

Researchers then tested the groups to see how the learning could be generalized. In every follow-up test, using skills they hadn't been trained on, the writing group performed the best: naming letters, writing letters, spelling words, and reading words.

The research shows that the benefits of teaching through handwriting go beyond better penmanship: There are also advantages in other areas of language learning. It seems as though the knowledge gets more firmly embedded through writing.

"The main lesson is that even though they were all good at recognizing letters, the writing training was the best at every other measure," says cognitive scientist Robert Wiley from the University of North Carolina, Greensboro. "And they required less time to get there."

While 42 people isn't a huge sample size for a study of this type, the trends reported by the study indicate that pen and paper still have an important role to play in learning, even as digital formats have come to dominate our communications.

And although adults were used in this particular experiment, the researchers say their findings should have relevance to children too. Several previous studies have also highlighted the advantages of copying as an aid to learning.

Today pupils in schools spend far less time than they used to on handwriting skills and practice, for obvious reasons – but based on what this study shows, it wouldn't be wise to put away the pens and pencils permanently.

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Handwriting Is Better Than Typing When Learning a New Language, Study Finds

From: Science Alert

In our daily lives, we spend a lot more time tapping at a screen and typing on a keyboard than writing with pencil and pen, so does handwriting tuition still offer anything useful? Absolutely, according to a new study.

在日常生活中，我们点屏幕、敲键盘的时间，远远多于用铅笔和钢笔书写的时间，那么书写教学还有用吗？一项新研究给出的答案是肯定的。

tap /tæp/ 1）表示“轻敲；轻拍；轻叩”，英文解释为“to hit sb/sth quickly and lightly”举个🌰：He tapped at the door. 他轻轻敲门。

2）表示“轻触（手机或平板电脑等给予指令）”，英文解释为“to touch the screen of a phone, tablet computer, etc. in order to give an instruction for something to happen”举个🌰：You can manage the repeat and shuffle options by tapping the screen once and swiping to the left. 你可以通过轻触一下屏幕向左滑动来使用重复和移动功能。

3）表示“ 在（电话或电报线）上装窃听器；窃听”，英文解释为“to use a small device attached to a phone in order to listen secretly to what people are saying”举个🌰：He suspected that his phone had been tapped. 他怀疑自己的电话被人窃听了。

4）表示“利用，开发，发掘（已有的资源、知识等）”，英文解释为“to make use of a source of energy, knowledge, etc. that already exists”举个🌰：We need to tap the expertise of the people we already have. 我们需要利用我们现有人员的专业知识。

🎬电影《头号玩家》（Ready Player One）中的台词提到：This isn't real, you're tapping my feed. 这不是真的 你们拦截了我的信号。

🎬电影《银河护卫队2》（Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2）中的台词提到：She wouldn't even tap her foot. Wouldn't move a muscle. 她也毫不动容 连脚趾头也不动一下。

tap into sth 表示“挖掘；使用…以获得好结果”，英文解释“to manage to use something in a way that brings good results”举个🌰：If only we could tap into all that energy and creativity. 如果我们能够用上那些精力和创意就好了。

keyboard /ˈkiː.bɔːd/ 表示“（计算机、打字机等的）键盘”，英文解释为“the set of keys on a computer or typewriter that you press in order to make it work”

tuition /tʃuːˈɪʃ.ən/ /tuːˈɪʃ.ən/ 1）表示“学费”，英文解释为“the money paid for this type of teaching”

2）表示“（尤指一对一或小班进行的）教学，讲授，指导”，英文解释为“teaching, especially when given to a small group or one person, such as in a college or university”举个🌰：All students receive tuition in logic and metaphysics. 所有学生都学习逻辑学和玄学。

Researchers tasked 42 adult volunteers with learning the Arabic alphabet from scratch: some through writing it out on paper, some through typing it out on a keyboard, and some through watching and responding to video instructions.

研究人员让42名成年志愿者从零开始学习阿拉伯字母：一组通过纸笔书写，一组通过键盘输入，另一组则通过观看视频并根据指令互动学习。

Arabic /ˈær.ə.bɪk/ 表示“阿拉伯语”，英文解释为“a language spoken in Western Asia and North Africa”举个🌰：There are many regional varieties of Arabic. 阿拉伯语有很多地区方言。

alphabet /ˈæl.fə.bet/ 表示“字母表”，英文解释为“a set of letters arranged in a fixed order, used for writing a language”如：the Roman/Cyrillic alphabet 罗马/西里尔字母表。

表示“从零开始”，英文解释为“If you do something from scratch, you do it without making use of anything that has been done before.”举个🌰：Building a home from scratch can be both exciting and challenging. 白手起家既激动人心又具有挑战性。

Those in the handwriting group not only learned the unfamiliar letters more quickly, but they were also better able to apply their new knowledge in other areas – by using the letters to make new words and to recognize words they hadn't seen before, for example.

书写组不仅更快掌握了陌生字母，还能更好地将新知识迁移到其他任务中，例如用字母拼写新单词、认识从未见过的词。

"The question out there for parents and educators is why should our kids spend any time doing handwriting," says cognitive scientist Brenda Rapp from Johns Hopkins University.

约翰斯·霍普金斯大学认知科学家布伦达·拉普（Johns Hopkins）表示：“家长和教师真正关心的问题是，为什么孩子还要花时间练习书写。”

cognitive /ˈkɒɡ.nə.tɪv/ 表示“认知的；感知的；认识的”，英文解释为“Cognitive means relating to the mental process involved in knowing, learning, and understanding things.”举个🌰：As children grow older, their cognitive processes become sharper. 随着孩子们长大，他们的认知过程也变得越来越敏锐了。

"Obviously, you're going to be a better hand-writer if you practice it. But since people are handwriting less, then maybe who cares?"

“显然，多练习书写，字就会写得更好。但既然人们越来越少手写，那还有谁会在意呢？”

"The real question is: Are there other benefits to handwriting that have to do with reading and spelling and understanding? We find there most definitely are."

“真正的问题是：书写是否还能在阅读、拼写和理解等方面带来额外好处？我们的发现是，答案非常明确，可以带来好处。”

While writing, typing, and visual learning were effective at teaching participants to recognize Arabic letters – learners made very few mistakes after six exercise sessions – on average, the writing group needed fewer sessions to get to a good standard.

虽然书写、打字和视频学习都能有效帮助参与者认识阿拉伯字母——在六次练习后错误率都很低——但平均来看，书写组达到理想水平所需的训练次数更少。

session /ˈseʃ.ən/ 1）表示“（议会等机构的）会议；（法庭的）开庭”，英文解释为“a formal meeting or series of meetings of an organization such as a parliament or a law court”举个🌰：The parliamentary session is due to end on 19 December. 议会会议将于12月19日结束。

2）表示“（从事某项活动的）一段时间（或集会）；一场；一节”，英文解释为“a period of time or meeting arranged for a particular activity”举个🌰：The runner twisted his ankle in a training session. 这位赛跑运动员在训练时扭伤了脚踝。

3）表示“学年；学期；上课时间”，英文解释为“at a college, any of the periods of time that a teaching year or day is divided into, or the teaching year itself”举个🌰：He taught a class during the summer session. 在夏季开学期间他教了一堂课。

Researchers then tested the groups to see how the learning could be generalized.

随后，研究人员测试了各组在知识迁移方面的表现。

generalize /ˈdʒen.ər.əl.aɪz/ 表示“概括，归纳”，英文解释为“to make a general statement that something is true in all cases, based on what is true in some cases”举个🌰：You can't generalize about a continent as varied as Europe. 对于欧洲这样一个异彩纷呈的大陆，你无法一言以蔽之。

在这个语境中，generalize指的是：学习者将在一个情境（或任务）中学到的知识、技能、原理，应用到另一个新的、不同的情境（或任务）中去的能力。最准确的中文翻译是“迁移”，更完整地说是“学习的迁移”或“知识的迁移”。

In every follow-up test, using skills they hadn't been trained on, the writing group performed the best: naming letters, writing letters, spelling words, and reading words.

在所有后续测试中，面对未接受过直接训练的任务时，书写组表现最优，包括字母朗读、字母书写、单词拼写和阅读。

The research shows that the benefits of teaching through handwriting go beyond better penmanship: There are also advantages in other areas of language learning.

研究表明，通过书写进行教学的好处不仅体现在字写得更好，还体现在其他语言学习领域。

penmanship /ˈpen.mən.ʃɪp/ 表示“书法；书写技巧”，英文解释为“the ability to write neatly, or the activity of learning to do this”

It seems as though the knowledge gets more firmly embedded through writing.

研究人员认为，书写有助于将知识更牢固地植入大脑。

embed /ɪmˈbed/ 表示“把…牢牢嵌入（或插入、埋入）”，英文解释为“to fix something firmly into a substance”

"The main lesson is that even though they were all good at recognizing letters, the writing training was the best at every other measure," says cognitive scientist Robert Wiley from the University of North Carolina, Greensboro.

北卡罗来纳大学格林斯伯勒分校认知科学家罗伯特·威利（Robert Wiley）表示：“最重要的一点是，虽然三个组在认识字母上都表现不错，但在其他所有指标上，书写组都是最好的。”

"And they required less time to get there."

“而且他们花的时间更少。”

While 42 people isn't a huge sample size for a study of this type, the trends reported by the study indicate that pen and paper still have an important role to play in learning, even as digital formats have come to dominate our communications.

尽管42人的样本规模并不算大，但研究呈现出的趋势表明，即便在数字交流占主导的今天，纸和笔在学习中依然不可或缺。

dominate /ˈdɒm.ɪ.neɪt/ 表示“占支配地位；占主导地位；拥有优势；最明显的”，英文解释为“To dominate a situation means to be the most powerful or important person or thing in it.”举个🌰：The book is expected to dominate the best-seller lists. 这本书预期将居畅销书榜首。

And although adults were used in this particular experiment, the researchers say their findings should have relevance to children too.

尽管本次实验对象是成年人，研究人员认为这些发现同样适用于儿童。

Several previous studies have also highlighted the advantages of copying as an aid to learning.

此前已有多项研究指出，抄写在学习中具有明显优势。

Today pupils in schools spend far less time than they used to on handwriting skills and practice, for obvious reasons – but based on what this study shows, it wouldn't be wise to put away the pens and pencils permanently.

如今，学生在学校里花在书写技能和练习上的时间大幅减少，原因不言自明——但从这项研究来看，彻底放下纸笔并不明智。

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