每天两三杯咖啡或可降低患痴呆风险

今天你练听力了吗？

🤔️小作业：

1. What conclusion does the study MOST directly support?

A. Caffeine definitively prevents dementia

B. All forms of coffee reduce dementia risk

C. Tea is more protective than coffee

D.Moderate intake of caffeinated beverages is linked to lower dementia risk

无注释原文：

2 to 3 Cups of Coffee a Day May Reduce Dementia Risk. But Not if It's Decaf.

From: The New York Times

If you think your daily doses of espresso or Earl Grey sharpen your mind, you just might be right, new science suggests.

A large new study provides evidence of cognitive benefits from coffee and tea — if it's caffeinated and consumed in moderation: two to three cups of coffee or one to two cups of tea daily.

People who drank that amount for decades had lower chances of developing dementia than people who drank little or no caffeine, the researchers reported. They followed 131,821 participants for up to 43 years.

“This is a very large, rigorous study conducted long term among men and women that shows that drinking two or three cups of coffee per day is associated with reduced risk of dementia,” said Aladdin Shadyab, an associate professor of public health and medicine at the University of California, San Diego, who wasn't involved in the study.

The findings, published Monday in JAMA, don't prove caffeine causes these beneficial effects, and it's possible other attributes protected caffeine drinkers' brain health. But independent experts said the study adjusted for many other factors, including health conditions, medication, diet, education, socioeconomic status, family history of dementia, body mass index, smoking and mental illness.

The caffeine correlation held regardless of whether people had genetic risk factors for Alzheimer's or other dementias. The study, funded by the National Institutes of Health, didn't distinguish between dementia types.

Some previous studies haven't found cognitive benefits from caffeine, but those studies often had limitations like shorter time periods or one-time assessments of diet, experts said. The new study aligns with a growing body of research “that's suggested caffeinated coffee may reduce risk of age-related chronic diseases,” Dr. Shadyab said.

Researchers followed participants in two long-running studies of medical practitioners: women in the Nurses' Health Study and men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Typically in their mid-40s or early 50s at the start, participants received repeated surveys about diet, health and lifestyle factors. During that time, 11,033 participants developed dementia, documented with death certificates or physician diagnoses.

Compared with people who consumed virtually no caffeine, people who drank between one and five eight-ounce cups of caffeinated coffee had about 20 percent less dementia risk. Those who drank at least one cup of caffeinated tea daily had about 15 percent less risk.

But beyond two and a half cups of coffee daily, the advantage plateaued, possibly because humans cannot metabolize any more of the bioactive compounds in coffee and tea, said the study's senior author, Dr. Daniel Wang, an epidemiologist specializing in neurodegenerative diseases at Mass General Brigham health system.

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注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为纽约时报官方译文，仅供参考

含注释全文：

2 to 3 Cups of Coffee a Day May Reduce Dementia Risk. But Not if It's Decaf.

From: The New York Times

If you think your daily doses of espresso or Earl Grey sharpen your mind, you just might be right, new science suggests.

如果你觉得每天喝几杯意式浓缩咖啡或伯爵茶能让头脑更清醒，最新科学研究表明你的感觉或许是对的。

dose /dəʊs/ 1）表示“一剂”（a measured amount of something such as medicine），如：a dose of penicillin 一剂青霉素；

2）表示“一些（糟糕或不愉快的事）”，英文解释为“an amount or experience of something, often something bad or unpleasant”举个🌰：He received a hefty dose of bad news this week. 本周他得到了许多坏消息。

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述谷歌的文章中提到：The first route would involve taking a strong dose of managerial medicine to become a more tightly run conglomerate. 第一种解决方法是给它服用一剂管理上的强效药，让它成为管理更严格的企业集团。

espresso /esˈpres.əʊ/ 表示“（用蒸汽加压煮出的）浓咖啡（饮用时不加奶）”，英文解释为“strong coffee, or a cup of this, made by forcing hot water through crushed coffee beans and served without milk”举个🌰：Do you like espresso? 你喜欢浓咖啡吗？

A large new study provides evidence of cognitive benefits from coffee and tea — if it's caffeinated and consumed in moderation: two to three cups of coffee or one to two cups of tea daily.

一项新的大型研究证实，咖啡和茶确实具有认知益处——前提是饮品含有咖啡因，且摄入适量：每日两至三杯咖啡或一至两杯茶。

cognitive /ˈkɒɡ.nə.tɪv/ 表示“认知的；感知的；认识的”，英文解释为“Cognitive means relating to the mental process involved in knowing, learning, and understanding things.”举个🌰：As children grow older, their cognitive processes become sharper. 随着孩子们长大，他们的认知过程也变得越来越敏锐了。

caffeinated /ˈkæf.ɪ.neɪ.tɪd/ 表示“含咖啡因的”，英文解释为“containing caffeine”如：caffeinated drinks/beverages 含咖啡因的饮料。

People who drank that amount for decades had lower chances of developing dementia than people who drank little or no caffeine, the researchers reported. They followed 131,821 participants for up to 43 years.

研究人员对131821名参与者进行了长达43年的追踪，研究报告称，数十年保持这一饮用量的人群，患失智症的概率远低于很少或不摄入咖啡因的人。

dementia /dɪˈmenʃə/ 表示“（尤指老年性）痴呆”，英文解释为“a medical condition that affects especially old people, causing the memory and other mental abilities to gradually become worse, and leading to confused behaviour”

“This is a very large, rigorous study conducted long term among men and women that shows that drinking two or three cups of coffee per day is associated with reduced risk of dementia,” said Aladdin Shadyab, an associate professor of public health and medicine at the University of California, San Diego, who wasn't involved in the study.

“这项覆盖男女群体的长期大规模严谨研究表明，每天喝二到三杯咖啡，与失智症风险降低存在关联。”加州大学圣地亚哥分校公共卫生与医学副教授阿拉丁·沙迪亚布表示（他未参与此项研究）。

1）表示“严格缜密的；谨慎的；细致的；彻底的”，英文解释为“A test, system, or procedure that is rigorous is very thorough and strict.”举个🌰：The selection process is based on rigorous tests of competence and experience. 挑选过程是建立在对能力和经验严格缜密的考核的基础之上的。

2）表示“严格的，严厉的”，英文解释为“controlling behaviour in a severe way”如：the rigorous controls governing the sale of shares 对管理股权出售进行的严格控制。

The findings, published Monday in JAMA, don't prove caffeine causes these beneficial effects, and it's possible other attributes protected caffeine drinkers' brain health. But independent experts said the study adjusted for many other factors, including health conditions, medication, diet, education, socioeconomic status, family history of dementia, body mass index, smoking and mental illness.

该研究于周一发表在《美国医学会杂志》(JAMA)，它并未证明咖啡因直接导致这些益处，也有可能是咖啡因饮品中的其他成分保护了饮用者的大脑健康。但独立专家指出，研究已对诸多其他因素做了校正，包括健康状况、用药情况、饮食、教育程度、社会经济地位、失智症家族史、体重指数、吸烟情况和精神疾病。

attribute /əˈtrɪb.juːt/ 表示“特性，特质，属性”，英文解释为“a quality or feature, especially one that is considered to be good or useful”举个🌰：What attributes should a good manager possess? 一名优秀的经理应该具备哪些素质？

作动词，attribute sth to sb/sth 表示“把…归因于…；认为…由…生产；认为…是…所为；将（某种特质）归属于（某人）；认为（某人）有（某种特性）”，英文解释为“to say or think that something is the result or work of something or someone else；to think that someone or something has a particular quality or feature”举个🌰：The doctors have attributed the cause of the illness to an unknown virus. 医生们认为这种疾病是由一种未知的病毒引起的。I wouldn't dream of attributing such a lack of judgment to you. 我做梦都想不到你会如此缺乏判断力。

medication /ˌmed.ɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ 表示“药物，药剂”，英文解释为“a medicine, or a set of medicines or drugs, used to improve a particular condition or illness”举个🌰：He is currently on/taking medication for his heart. 目前他正在服用治疗心脏病的药物。

BMI表示“体重指数(通过身高与体重的关系，衡量是否肥胖的一种标准)”，英文解释为“a measurement of a person's weight in relation to their height, used to find out if they are too fat”举个🌰：Obesity for adults was defined as a body mass index of 30 or greater. 成年人肥胖定义为体重指数达到或者超过30。

The caffeine correlation held regardless of whether people had genetic risk factors for Alzheimer's or other dementias. The study, funded by the National Institutes of Health, didn't distinguish between dementia types.

无论参与者是否携带阿尔茨海默病或其他类型失智症的遗传风险基因，咖啡因与降低失智风险的关联依然成立。这项研究由美国国立卫生研究院资助，未对失智症的具体类型做区分。

Some previous studies haven't found cognitive benefits from caffeine, but those studies often had limitations like shorter time periods or one-time assessments of diet, experts said. The new study aligns with a growing body of research “that's suggested caffeinated coffee may reduce risk of age-related chronic diseases,” Dr. Shadyab said.

专家表示，此前部分研究并未发现咖啡因对认知功能的益处，但这些研究往往存在局限性，比如追踪周期较短，或仅对饮食做一次性评估。沙迪亚布称，这项新研究与越来越多的研究结论一致，“均表明含咖啡因的咖啡可能降低与年龄相关的慢性疾病风险”。

chronic /ˈkrɒnɪk/ 1）表示“（疾病）慢性的，长期的”，英文解释为“a chronic disease or illness is one that continues for a long time and cannot be cured”如：chronic arthritis表示“慢性关节炎”。

2）表示“（问题）长期的”，英文解释为“a chronic problem is one that continues for a long time and cannot easily be solved”举个🌰：There is a chronic shortage of teachers. 长期存在师资短缺的问题。

3）还有一种解释是用来形容人“积习难改”，如“长期酗酒/沉迷赌博等的人”我们就可以用chronic alcoholic/gambler表示。

Researchers followed participants in two long-running studies of medical practitioners: women in the Nurses' Health Study and men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Typically in their mid-40s or early 50s at the start, participants received repeated surveys about diet, health and lifestyle factors. During that time, 11,033 participants developed dementia, documented with death certificates or physician diagnoses.

研究人员对两项长期开展的医疗从业者研究项目进行了追踪：护士健康研究中的女性参与者，以及健康专业人员随访研究中的男性参与者。研究开始时，参与者大多在45岁左右或50岁出头，他们会多次接受饮食、健康和生活方式相关的问卷调查。在研究期间，共有11033名参与者确诊失智症，诊断依据为死亡证明或医师诊断。

certificate /səˈtɪf.ɪ.kət/ 1）表示“证书；证明”，英文解释为“an official document that states that the information on it is true”如：a birth/marriage/death certificate 出生/结婚/死亡证明；

2）表示“成绩合格证书；毕业证书”，英文解释为“the qualification that you receive when you are successful in an exam”举个🌰：She has a Certificate in Drama Education. 她有戏剧教育资格证书。

Compared with people who consumed virtually no caffeine, people who drank between one and five eight-ounce cups of caffeinated coffee had about 20 percent less dementia risk. Those who drank at least one cup of caffeinated tea daily had about 15 percent less risk.

与几乎不摄入咖啡因的人相比，每天喝一到五杯（每杯约为220毫升）含咖啡因咖啡的人，失智症风险降低约20%；每天至少喝一杯含咖啡因茶的人，风险降低约15%。

But beyond two and a half cups of coffee daily, the advantage plateaued, possibly because humans cannot metabolize any more of the bioactive compounds in coffee and tea, said the study's senior author, Dr. Daniel Wang, an epidemiologist specializing in neurodegenerative diseases at Mass General Brigham health system.

但该研究的资深作者、麻省总医院布里格姆医疗体系专攻神经退行性疾病的流行病学家丹尼尔·王表示，每天喝咖啡超过2.5杯后，益处就不再增加，原因可能是人体无法再代谢更多咖啡和茶中的生物活性化合物。

plateau /ˈplætəʊ/ 作名词，1）表示“高原”，英文解释为“A plateau is a large area of high and fairly flat land.”

2）表示“平稳期；停滞期”，英文解释为“a period during which there are no large changes”

作动词，表示“稳定；停滞”，英文解释为“to reach a particular level and then stay the same”举个🌰：I'd been losing about a pound a week on my diet, but recently I've plateaued and haven't lost an ounce. 我通过节食体重每周减轻1磅左右，但最近体重稳定了下来，1磅也没少。

表示“（使）新陈代谢”，英文解释为“to use chemical processes in the body to turn food into energy, new growth, and waste products”举个🌰：Fat is metabolized by your body and cleared through the liver as a normal process. 在正常情况下，脂肪被人体代谢并通过肝脏清除。

neurodegenerative /ˌnjʊə.rəʊ.dɪˈdʒen.ə.rə.tɪv/ 表示“神经组织退化的”，英文解释为“involving the nerves gradually stopping working”如：neurodegenerative disease 神经退行性疾病。

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