牛油果有多健康？

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🤔️小作业：

1. Based on the study led by Dr. Hu, what can be inferred about the 21% lower risk of coronary heart disease?

A. It was observed exclusively in individuals with no other risk factors for heart disease.

B. It demonstrates a direct and unambiguous causal relationship between avocado intake and heart health.

C. It statistically accounted for other lifestyle and dietary variables that could influence heart health.

D. It proved that avocados are more effective than medication in preventing heart disease.

无注释原文：

How Healthy Are Avocados?

From: The New York Times

Ripe, creamy avocados are great on toast, salads and burgers, or just sprinkled with salt. Plus, they're healthy — but how healthy?

“Avocados are no regular fruits,” said Dr. Frank Hu, a professor of nutrition and epidemiology at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. “They're nutrient dense with very little carbohydrates and high amounts of healthy fats and fiber.” And they make plant-based meals more filling.

Avocados can help keep your cholesterol in check.

Avocados' better-known benefits stem from their heart-healthy fats, said Elizabeth Klingbeil, a registered dietitian and assistant professor at the University of Texas at Austin. Most of the fats in avocados are monounsaturated, which differ from the saturated fats abundant in meats and dairy.

“Saturated fats can gunk up your blood vessels and increase your heart disease risk,” Dr. Klingbeil said. If left unchecked, this gunk, called LDL or “bad” cholesterol, can lead to heart attacks or strokes.

While saturated fats increase LDL cholesterol, unsaturated fats can lower it. For this reason, avocados can help manage blood cholesterol levels, especially when you eat them in place of foods like meat, cheese and butter.

They may lower your heart disease risk.

In a study that followed more than 110,000 adults over 30 years, Dr. Hu and his colleagues showed that people who ate at least two servings of avocado per week had a 21 percent lower risk of coronary heart disease.

The researchers used statistics to account for other factors that could have affected people's heart health. Still, Dr. Hu said, it's impossible to say if avocados directly reduced the risk.

Zeroing in on one food as the cause of health outcomes is challenging, explained Dr. Martin Kohlmeier, a professor at the University of North Carolina Nutrition Research Institute.

Because avocados make great substitutions for less healthy foods, studies showing their benefits might in part reflect the benefits of cutting back on other stuff — like using avocado instead of mayonnaise on a sandwich, or adding more avocado, and less beef, to a burrito.

“Many reported effects are replacement effects, not necessarily avocado effects,” Dr. Kohlmeier said.

Dr. Hu added that people who eat avocados might be more likely to have a healthy diet in general.

- ◆ -

注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为纽约时报官方译文，仅供参考

含注释全文：

How Healthy Are Avocados?

From: The New York Times

Ripe, creamy avocados are great on toast, salads and burgers, or just sprinkled with salt. Plus, they're healthy — but how healthy?

软熟的牛油果口感绵密，非常适合搭配吐司、沙拉和汉堡，或者简单撒点盐直接食用。而且它们对健康有益——但究竟有多健康呢？

表示“（果实或庄稼）成熟的”，英文解释为“(of fruit or crops) completely developed and ready to be collected or eaten”举个🌰：Those bananas aren't ripe yet - they're still green. 那些香蕉还没有成熟——还是绿的。

creamy /ˈkriː.mi/ 表示“奶油似的；乳脂状的；含奶油的”，英文解释为“like cream or containing cream”举个🌰：The chocolate mousse was smooth and creamy. 巧克力奶油冻光滑细腻。

avocado /ˌæv.əˈkɑː.dəʊ/ 表示“鳄梨，牛油果”，英文解释为“a tropical fruit with thick, dark green or purple skin, a large, round seed, and soft, pale green flesh that can be eaten”

1）表示“（给…）洒（液体）；撒（粉末状物）”，英文解释为“If you sprinkle a thing with something such as a liquid or powder, you scatter the liquid or powder over it.”举个🌰： Sprinkle the meat with salt and place in the pan. 给肉撒点盐，然后放进平锅里。

2）表示“零星分布”，英文解释为“If something is sprinkled with particular things, it has a few of them throughout it and they are far apart from each other.”举个🌰：Unfortunately, the text is sprinkled with errors. 遗憾的是，文本有零星的错误。

“Avocados are no regular fruits,” said Dr. Frank Hu, a professor of nutrition and epidemiology at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. “They're nutrient dense with very little carbohydrates and high amounts of healthy fats and fiber.” And they make plant-based meals more filling.

“牛油果可不是普通水果，”哈佛大学陈曾熙公共卫生学院营养与流行病学教授胡丙长博士说，“它们营养密度高，碳水化合物含量很低，同时富含健康脂肪和膳食纤维。”此外，它们还能让植物性饮食更具饱腹感。

epidemiology /ˌep.ɪ.diː.miˈɒl.ə.dʒi/ 表示“流行病学的”，英文解释为“the scientific study of diseases and how they are found, spread, and controlled in groups of people”

nutrient /ˈnjuː.tri.ənt/ 表示“养分；营养物，滋养物”，英文解释为“any substance that plants or animals need in order to live and grow”举个🌰：It's good soil - full of nutrients. 这土壤肥沃——养分很足。

carbohydrate /ˌkɑːbəʊˈhaɪdreɪt/表示“碳水化合物; 含碳水化合物的食物”，英文解释为“Carbohydrates are substances, found in certain kinds of food, that provide you with energy. Foods such as sugar and bread that contain these substances can also be referred to as carbohydrates. ”如：carbohydrates such as bread, pasta, or potatoes. 含碳水化合物的食物，如面包、意大利面或马铃薯。

Avocados can help keep your cholesterol in check.

牛油果有助于平衡胆固醇。

cholesterol /kə'lɛstərɔl/ 表示“胆固醇”，英文解释为“Cholesterol is a substance that exists in the fat, tissues, and blood of all animals. Too much cholesterol in a person's blood can cause heart disease.”如：a dangerously high cholesterol level. 危险的高胆固醇水平。

hold/keep sth in check表示“控制；限制；抑制”，英文解释为“to limit something”举个🌰：We need to find ways of keeping our expenditure in check. 我们必须想办法限制我们的开销。

Avocados' better-known benefits stem from their heart-healthy fats, said Elizabeth Klingbeil, a registered dietitian and assistant professor at the University of Texas at Austin. Most of the fats in avocados are monounsaturated, which differ from the saturated fats abundant in meats and dairy.

注册营养师、得克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校助理教授伊丽莎白·克林贝尔表示，牛油果最广为人知的益处来自其对心脏有益的脂肪。牛油果中的脂肪大多是单不饱和脂肪，与肉类和乳制品中富含的饱和脂肪不同。

stem from sth 表示“源自；由…造成”，英文解释为“to start or develop as the result of something”举个🌰：Her problems stem from her difficult childhood. 她的问题主要是由艰难的童年生活造成的。

registered /ˈredʒ.ɪ.stəd/ 表示“已注册的；经注册批准的；（经政府核准）登记的（或注册的）”，英文解释为“officially listed and accepted”如：a registered nurse/charity/trademark 注册护士/慈善机构/商标。

register表示“（尤指把姓名）登记，注册，记录”，英文解释为“to put information, especially your name, into an official list or record”举个🌰：I registered the car in my name. 我把车登记在我的名下。

monounsaturated /ˌmɒn.əʊ.ʌnˈsætʃ.ər.eɪ.tɪd/ 表示“单不饱和的（其化学结构只有一个双键，据信单不饱和油脂，如橄榄油，比饱和油脂更健康）”，英文解释为“with a chemical structure that contains one double bond. Monounsaturated fat, for example olive oil, is thought to be healthier than saturated fat.”

saturated fat /ˌsætʃ.ər.eɪ.tɪd ˈfæt/ 表示“饱和脂肪”，英文解释为“a type of fat found in meat, eggs, milk, cheese, etc. that is thought to be bad for your health”举个🌰：Butter and cream contain a lot of saturated fats. 黄油和奶油中含有大量饱和脂肪。

“Saturated fats can gunk up your blood vessels and increase your heart disease risk,” Dr. Klingbeil said. If left unchecked, this gunk, called LDL or “bad” cholesterol, can lead to heart attacks or strokes.

“饱和脂肪酸会使血管堵塞，增加患心脏病的风险，”克林贝尔博士说。如果任其发展，这种被称为低密度脂蛋白（即“坏胆固醇”）的物质可能导致心脏病发作或中风。

gunk /ɡʌŋk/ 作名词，表示“恶心的黏性物质”，英文解释为“any thick, sticky, unpleasant substance”举个🌰：There was a lot of gunk on my bike chain. 我的自行车链上有许多油污。

此处作动词，是从名词派生出来的口语化表达。gunk up表示“堵塞”、“使…粘满污垢”（通常指油污、黏糊糊的东西导致机器或管道无法正常工作）。

blood vessel /ˈblʌd ˌves.əl/ 表示“血管”，英文解释为“any of the tubes through which blood flows in the body”

stroke /strəʊk/ 表示“中风”，英文解释为“a sudden change in the blood supply to a part of the brain, sometimes causing a loss of the ability to move particular parts of the body”举个🌰：She suffered/had a stroke that left her unable to speak. 她中风了，不能开口说话。

While saturated fats increase LDL cholesterol, unsaturated fats can lower it. For this reason, avocados can help manage blood cholesterol levels, especially when you eat them in place of foods like meat, cheese and butter.

饱和脂肪会增加低密度脂蛋白胆固醇，不饱和脂肪则能降低它。因此，牛油果有助于控制血液中的胆固醇水平，尤其是在你用它替代肉类、奶酪和黄油等食物的时候。

They may lower your heart disease risk.

它们或许还能降低患心脏病的风险。

In a study that followed more than 110,000 adults over 30 years, Dr. Hu and his colleagues showed that people who ate at least two servings of avocado per week had a 21 percent lower risk of coronary heart disease.

在一项追踪超过11万名成年人长达30年的研究中，胡博士及其同事发现，每周至少食用两份牛油果梨的人患冠状动脉疾病的风险降低了21%。

serving /ˈsɜː.vɪŋ/ 作名词，表示“（供一人食用的）一份；一客”，英文解释为“an amount of one type of food that is given to one person”举个🌰：The quantities given in the recipe should be enough for four servings. 食谱上给出的量足够4个人吃。

作形容词，表示“目前任职的；（尤指）现役的”，英文解释为“employed at the present time in a particular organization, especially the armed forces”如：serving and retired military officers 现役和退役的军官。

coronary /ˈkɒr.ən.ər.i/ 表示“动脉的，冠状动脉的”，英文解释为“relating to the arteries (= thick tubes) that supply blood to the muscles of the heart”举个🌰：Regular exercise reduces the risk of coronary heart disease. 经常锻炼身体能减少患冠心病的危险。

📍coronary artery表示“冠状动脉”（either of the two arteries that supply blood to the heart）

The researchers used statistics to account for other factors that could have affected people's heart health. Still, Dr. Hu said, it's impossible to say if avocados directly reduced the risk.

研究人员通过统计方法排除了其他可能影响心脏健康的因素。不过，胡博士表示，仍无法断定牛油果是否直接降低了这一风险。

statistic /stəˈtɪs.tɪk/ 表示“统计数字”，英文解释为“a fact in the form of a number that shows information about something”举个🌰：The city's most shocking statistic is its high infant mortality rate. 这座城市最令人震惊的统计数字是其高婴儿死亡率。

复数，statistics 表示“统计数据；统计资料”，英文解释为“information based on a study of the number of times something happens or is present, or other numerical facts”举个🌰：Statistics show/suggest that women live longer than men. 统计资料显示女性比男性寿命长。

Zeroing in on one food as the cause of health outcomes is challenging, explained Dr. Martin Kohlmeier, a professor at the University of North Carolina Nutrition Research Institute.

北卡罗来纳大学营养研究所教授马丁·科尔迈尔博士解释说，要把某种健康结果归因于单一食物是非常困难的。

zero in on sth表示“把注意力全部集中于”，英文解释为“to direct all your attention towards a particular thing”举个🌰：We must decide on our target market, then zero in on it. 我们必须确定目标市场，然后将其锁定。 zero in on sth/sb也可以指“（把武器）瞄准…，瞄向…”，英文解释为“to aim a weapon directly at something or someone”举个🌰：Modern military aircraft use computers to help them zero in on their targets. 现代军用飞机运用计算机来帮助瞄准目标。

Because avocados make great substitutions for less healthy foods, studies showing their benefits might in part reflect the benefits of cutting back on other stuff — like using avocado instead of mayonnaise on a sandwich, or adding more avocado, and less beef, to a burrito.

由于牛油果往往用来替代较不健康的食物，相关研究中显示的益处，部分也可能来自于减少其他食物的摄入——比如用牛油果代替三明治里的蛋黄酱，或是在墨西哥卷饼中多加牛油果、少放牛肉。

表示“置换，替换，换人”，英文解释为“the use of one person or thing instead of another”举个🌰：It looks as though the coach is going to make a substitution (= change one player for another in the game). 教练似乎要换人。

mayonnaise /ˌmeɪ.əˈneɪz/ 表示“（油、醋和蛋黄调制而成的）蛋黄酱”，英文解释为“a thick, white sauce made from oil, vinegar, and the yellow part of eggs, usually eaten cold”

“Many reported effects are replacement effects, not necessarily avocado effects,” Dr. Kohlmeier said.

“许多观察到的效果其实是替代效应，而不一定是牛油果本身的作用，”科尔迈尔博士说。

Dr. Hu added that people who eat avocados might be more likely to have a healthy diet in general.

胡博士补充说，食用牛油果的人整体饮食习惯可能本就更为健康。

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