研究发现每10年夏天增加6天

今天你练听力了吗？

🤔️小作业：

1. According to the study, how did the rate of summer lengthening per decade change when comparing the period up to the early 2010s with the period up to 2023?

A. It decreased from about six days to four days.

B. It remained constant at roughly four days.

C. It increased from roughly four days to about six days.

D. It varied significantly between cities like Sydney and Toronto.

无注释原文：

Summer is getting longer, and it's happening faster than we thought

From: UBC NEWS

Summer weather is arriving earlier, lasting longer and packing more heat than it used to—and it's happening faster than scientists had previously measured.

A new study by UBC researchers has found that between 1990 and 2023, the average summer between the tropics and the polar circles grew about six days longer per decade. That's up from roughly four days per decade found in past research investigating up until the early 2010s.

For many cities, the numbers are even more striking. In Sydney, Australia, summer temperatures now last about 130 days, up from 80 days in 1990, adding 15 days per decade. Toronto summers are expanding by eight days per decade.

The researchers didn't use the calendar definition of summer (June through August in the Northern Hemisphere and December through February in the Southern Hemisphere). Instead, they defined summer based on the weather: the stretch of days each year when temperatures rise above what was historically typical for a given location during the warmest part of the year—a threshold set using climate data from 1961 to 1990.

The study's findings have implications for agriculture, water supply, public health and energy systems, many of which have been built around assumptions about when the warm season begins and ends.

“These findings challenge what we believe to be the normal cycle of the seasons,” said lead author Ted Scott, a PhD student in UBC's department of geography. “When summer happens and how quickly it arrives impact patterns and behaviours in plant and animal life, and human society.”

Seasons are changing gears more quickly

The study also found that seasonal transitions—the shift from spring to summer and from summer to autumn—are becoming more abrupt. Instead of a gradual warm-up, summer-like temperatures arrive more suddenly. This could disrupt systems that depend on seasonal cues; for example, flowers may bloom before pollinators are active, crops may need to be planted earlier, and rapid spring warming may lead to faster snowmelt and greater spring flood risk.

“The changes may be very disruptive to a wide range of systems,” Scott said. “An expectation in the Northern Hemisphere that June is when summer starts may be ingrained in planning and policy, meaning we could be ill-prepared for earlier heat.”

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注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译，仅供参考

含注释全文：

Summer is getting longer, and it's happening faster than we thought

From: UBC NEWS

Summer weather is arriving earlier, lasting longer and packing more heat than it used to—and it's happening faster than scientists had previously measured.

与以往相比，夏季天气正来得更早、持续更久、热度更强——而且其变化速度比科学家先前测算的还要快。

pack /pæk/ 作名词，1）表示“一批，一套，一组”，英文解释为“a group, set, or collection of something”举个🌰：The information pack consists of a brochure and a map. 那套资料包括一本小册子和一张地图。

2）表示“（尤指行为不受人欢迎的）一伙人，一帮人”，英文解释为“a group of similar people, especially one that contains people whose activities you do not approve of”如：a pack of thieves 一伙窃贼。

3）表示“（统称）竞赛中的落后者”，英文解释为“all the people who are behind the leaders in a race, competition, etc.”如：measures aimed at keeping the company ahead of the pack 旨在使公司领先所有竞争对手的措施。

作动词，1）表示“聚集；挤进，塞满”，英文解释为“to come or bring together in large numbers or to fill a space”举个🌰：Thousands of fans are packing into the stadium. 体育馆里挤满了数千名球迷。

2）表示“（把…）压实，（使）堆积”，英文解释为“to (cause to) form into a solid mass”举个🌰：The wind has packed the snow against the garage door. 风把雪吹到车库门口，积成了厚厚的一堆。

pack heat 俚语，有“携带枪支 / 带枪”的含义，如：The suspect was caught packing heat. 那名嫌疑人被抓时身上带了枪。此处可以理解为比喻用法，借用了“携带强大火力 / 威力”的意思，用来形容：天气携带了更多热量 → 天气更热、热度更强。

A new study by UBC researchers has found that between 1990 and 2023, the average summer between the tropics and the polar circles grew about six days longer per decade. That's up from roughly four days per decade found in past research investigating up until the early 2010s.

不列颠哥伦比亚大学（UBC）研究人员的一项新研究发现，在1990年至2023年间，热带与极圈之间的地区，其夏季平均每十年延长约六天。这一增幅高于此前（研究截至2010年代初）发现的每十年约四天。

the tropics表示“热带地区”，英文解释为“the hottest area of the earth, between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn”举个🌰：She's a botanist and spent several years doing research in the tropics. 她是个植物学家，花了几年时间在热带地区做研究。

polar /ˈpəʊ.lər/ 表示“两极的；近两极的”，英文解释为“relating to the North or South Pole or the areas around them”如：the polar ice caps 极地冰冠。

For many cities, the numbers are even more striking. In Sydney, Australia, summer temperatures now last about 130 days, up from 80 days in 1990, adding 15 days per decade. Toronto summers are expanding by eight days per decade.

对许多城市而言，其数据更为触目惊心。在澳大利亚悉尼，如今夏季气温持续时间约为130天，相比1990年的80天大幅增加，相当于每十年延长15天。多伦多的夏季则每十年延长八天。

striking /ˈstraɪ.kɪŋ/ 1）表示“异乎寻常的，惊人的；引人注目的；显著的；不同寻常的”，英文解释为“Something that is striking is very noticeable or unusual.”举个🌰：The most striking feature of those statistics is the high proportion of suicides. 那些统计数据最显著的特征是高自杀率。

2）表示“俊秀的；妩媚动人的；很有魅力的”，英文解释为“Someone who is striking is very attractive, in a noticeable way.”举个🌰：She was a striking woman with long blonde hair. 她曾是一个留着金色长发的俊秀女子。

The researchers didn't use the calendar definition of summer (June through August in the Northern Hemisphere and December through February in the Southern Hemisphere). Instead, they defined summer based on the weather: the stretch of days each year when temperatures rise above what was historically typical for a given location during the warmest part of the year—a threshold set using climate data from 1961 to 1990.

研究人员并未采用日历上的夏季定义（北半球为6月至8月，南半球为12月至2月）。相反，他们依据天气来定义夏季：即每年中，气温超过特定地点在一年最热时期历史典型水平的连续天数——这个阈值是基于1961年至1990年的气候数据设定的。

hemisphere /ˈhem.ɪ.sfɪər/ 表示“半球”，英文解释为“A hemisphere is one half of the earth.”如：the northern hemisphere 北半球，the southern hemisphere 南半球，the depletion of the ozone layer in the northern hemisphere 北半球臭氧层的消耗。

📍词根“hemi-”表示“半”，“-sphere”来自希腊语“sphaira”，表示“球体”。想象地球被分为北半球和南半球。近义词：half-sphere（半球），同根词：hemispherical（半球形的），常用短语：across the hemisphere（横跨半球）

stretch /stretʃ/ 作名词，1）表示“（连续的）一段时间”，英文解释为“a continuous period of time”举个🌰：The elderly generally need far less rest than the young, and tend to sleep in several short stretches. 年长者一般需要的休息时间比年轻人要少得多，而且往往会分成几个小段时间睡觉。

2）表示“（土地或水域的）一片，一段”，英文解释为“a continuous area of land or water”举个🌰：This particular stretch of coast is especially popular with hikers. 在这一段海岸散步的人特别多。

3）表示“（赛跑的）阶段；一段跑道”，英文解释为“a stage in a race, or a part of a racetrack”举个🌰：She looked certain to win as she entered the final stretch. 她进入最后一段跑道时似乎已经赢定了。

作动词，1）表示“到…的限度；超过…的限度；竭尽”，英文解释为“to go as far as or past the usual limit of something”举个🌰：Many families' budgets are already stretched to breaking point. 许多家庭的预算已经撑到了极限。

2）表示“伸出；伸长；拉伸”，英文解释为“to cause something to reach, often as far as possible, in a particular direction”举个🌰：She stretched out her hand and helped him from his chair. 她伸手将他从椅子上扶起来。

3）表示“展开，铺开；延伸”，英文解释为“to spread over a large area or distance”举个🌰：A huge cloud of dense smoke stretched across the horizon. 一大团浓烟在地平线上蔓延开来。

4）表示“延续”，英文解释为“to spread over a long period of time”举个🌰：The dispute stretches back over many years. 这场争论可追溯到许多年以前。

threshold /ˈθreʃ.həʊld/ 表示“界限；临界点；门槛；下限”，英文解释为“A threshold is an amount, level, or limit on a scale. When the threshold is reached, something else happens or changes.”举个🌰：He has a high threshold for pain and a history of fast healing. 他的忍痛力很强，而且有迅速愈合的经历。

The study's findings have implications for agriculture, water supply, public health and energy systems, many of which have been built around assumptions about when the warm season begins and ends.

这项研究的发现对农业、供水、公共卫生和能源系统都具有深远影响，因为其中许多方面都是基于对温暖季节起止时间的传统假设而构建的。

implication /ˌɪm.plɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ 1）表示“可能的影响（或作用、结果）”，英文解释为“a possible effect or result of an action or a decision”举个🌰：The development of the site will have implications for the surrounding countryside. 这个地点的开发将会影响周围的乡村。

2）表示“含意；暗指，暗示”，英文解释为“an occasion when you seem to suggest something without saying it directly”举个🌰：From what she said, the implication was that they were splitting up. 她的话中暗示他们将要分手。

“These findings challenge what we believe to be the normal cycle of the seasons,” said lead author Ted Scott, a PhD student in UBC's department of geography. “When summer happens and how quickly it arrives impact patterns and behaviours in plant and animal life, and human society.”

“这些发现对我们习以为常的季节正常更替规律提出了挑战，”论文主要作者、不列颠哥伦比亚大学（UBC）地理系博士生泰德·斯科特（Ted Scott）表示。“夏季何时到来以及到来的速度，影响着动植物的生活模式与行为，也影响着人类社会。”

Seasons are changing gears more quickly 季节更替正在加快节奏

The study also found that seasonal transitions—the shift from spring to summer and from summer to autumn—are becoming more abrupt. Instead of a gradual warm-up, summer-like temperatures arrive more suddenly. This could disrupt systems that depend on seasonal cues; for example, flowers may bloom before pollinators are active, crops may need to be planted earlier, and rapid spring warming may lead to faster snowmelt and greater spring flood risk.

研究还发现，季节过渡——即从春到夏、从夏到秋的转换——正变得更加突兀。夏季般的气温不再是逐渐攀升而来，而是更加突然地降临。这可能会扰乱那些依赖季节性信号运作的系统；例如，花朵可能在传粉昆虫活跃前就提前绽放，作物可能需要提前种植，春季快速变暖则可能导致融雪加速，从而增加春季洪水的风险。

change/shift/switch gears表示“（开车时）换档”，英文解释为“to change the position of the gears to make a vehicle go faster or more slowly”，此处引申表示“改变节奏、速度或方式（通常指加快或转换模式）”如：After lunch, we changed gears and started working on the urgent project. 午饭后，我们换了个节奏，开始处理紧急项目。

gradual /ˈɡrædʒ.u.əl/ 表示“逐步的，逐渐的；平缓的”，英文解释为“happening or changing slowly over a long period of time or distance”举个🌰：There has been a gradual improvement in our sales figures over the last two years. 在过去的两年里，我们的销售额一直在逐步上升。

bloom /bluːm/ 作名词，表示“花，花朵”，英文解释为“a flower on a plant”

作动词，1）表示“开花；绽放”，英文解释为“When a flower blooms, it opens or is open, and when a plant or tree blooms it produces flowers.”举个🌰：These flowers will bloom all through the summer. 这些花整个夏天都会绽放。

2）表示“繁荣，兴盛”，英文解释为“to grow or develop successfully”举个🌰：His poetic genius bloomed early. 他很早就展露了诗歌才华。

pollinator /ˈpɒl.ə.neɪ.tər/ 表示“传粉昆虫；传粉媒介”，英文解释为“something, such as an insect, that carries pollen from one plant or part of a plant to another”举个🌰：These chemicals are known to be highly toxic to honeybees and other pollinators. 众所周知，这些化学品对蜜蜂和其他传粉昆虫有剧毒。

“The changes may be very disruptive to a wide range of systems,” Scott said. “An expectation in the Northern Hemisphere that June is when summer starts may be ingrained in planning and policy, meaning we could be ill-prepared for earlier heat.”

“这些变化可能会对众多系统造成严重干扰，”斯科特说。“在北半球，人们普遍认为夏季始于六月，这种观念可能已根植于规划与政策之中，这意味着我们可能对更早到来的高温准备不足。”

ingrained /ɪnˈɡreɪnd/ 表示“（观念）根深蒂固的”，英文解释为“(of beliefs) so firmly held that they are not likely to change”举个🌰：Such ingrained prejudices cannot be corrected easily. 如此根深蒂固的偏见是不容易纠正的。

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