是时候认真清洗你的保温杯了

今天你练听力了吗？

🤔️小作业：

1. According to the article, which of the following is true about the health effects of drinking from a moldy bottle?

A. It always leads to serious illnesses like bronchitis.

B. It is harmless for everyone, regardless of health condition.

C. It may cause mild symptoms in sensitive individuals.

D. It requires immediate medical attention in most cases.

无注释原文：

It's Probably Time to Clean Your Water Bottle

From: The New York Times

Reusable water bottles are a great way to get hydrated and stay energized. Many can help minimize your exposure to nanoplastics. They're trendy, and better for the environment than plastic bottles.

But they can also become a veritable hall of moldy horrors when you forget to wash them.

“Mold thrives in moist environments,” said Dr. Wanda Phipatanakul, an immunologist who studies environmental allergens at Boston Children's Hospital.

If water sits in your bottle for days, it can create a breeding ground for mold spores from the air and pipes in your house to settle and multiply, Dr. Phipatanakul said. There are some common ones that may colonize your bottle: Cladosporium, which is known for its dark green or brown appearance; Penicillium, which can manifest in blue or green hues; Aspergillus, which may appear as white, yellow or green spots; and Stachybotrys, which show up as black spots.

But these fungi aren't the only organisms that grow in dark, damp conditions. Every time you take a sip of water, you may also transfer bacteria from your mouth to the lip or spout of your bottle. These microbes can sometimes clump together with fungi to form slimy biofilms.

If you put something other than water — like a sports drink — in your bottle or leave food residue on it from something you ate, the sugars left behind can accelerate the growth of these microorganisms.

Can drinking from a moldy bottle harm your health?

Drinking a little bit of water from a moldy bottle can be gross, but probably won't cause much harm — as long as you don't keep drinking it and clean your bottle right away, Dr. Phipatanakul said. Most species of mold are fairly harmless and our immune system is adept at getting rid of these pathogens when we encounter them, she said.

A few people, however, may be more sensitive to mold exposure, such as those with compromised immune systems, asthma or allergies to mold. These individuals may be more likely to get headaches, feel fatigued or experience other classic allergy symptoms, such as nasal congestion.

And anyone who ingests or inhales a lot of mold over several weeks may experience nausea and an upset stomach. But there isn't any evidence that short-term exposure to mold can cause serious health issues like bronchitis, brain fog, chronic fatigue or even an emergency room visit as many TikTok videos suggest. “I don't see a lot of people ending up in the hospital because of mold in their water bottle” Dr. Phipatanakul said.

The levels of mold in a water bottle most likely will not be high enough to trigger these reactions, Dr. Phipatanakul said. If you're experiencing symptoms that you suspect were caused by a mold sensitivity, it's also possible you are being exposed to mold spores from other sources, such as your humidifier, bathroom or even the walls of your house.

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注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为纽约时报官方译文，仅供参考

含注释全文：

It's Probably Time to Clean Your Water Bottle

From: The New York Times

Reusable water bottles are a great way to get hydrated and stay energized. Many can help minimize your exposure to nanoplastics. They're trendy, and better for the environment than plastic bottles.

可重复使用的保温杯是补充水分、保持活力的好方法。保温杯能减少接触纳米塑料的风险，既时尚，又比塑料水瓶环保。

📍hydrated /haɪˈdreɪ.tɪd/ 表示“摄入足够水分（或其他液体）的”，英文解释为“having absorbed enough water or other liquid”举个🌰：Be sure to stay hydrated during the race by drinking plenty of fluids. 在比赛中一定要多喝水，保持水分。

📍dehydrated /ˌdiː.haɪˈdreɪ.tɪd/ 表示“脱水的，极度干渴的”，英文解释为“not having the normal amount of water in your body so that you feel ill or weak”

纳米塑料（nano-plastics）通常指尺寸小于1微米的塑料颗粒，是微塑料的细分类型。

nano- /næn.əʊ-/ 表示“十亿分之一的”，英文解释为“one billionth of the stated unit”如：a nanosecond 纳秒（十亿分之一秒），也可以表示“极微小的”，英文解释为“extremely small”如：nanotechnology 纳米技术。

But they can also become a veritable hall of moldy horrors when you forget to wash them.

但如果忘了清洗，它们也可能变成霉菌滋生的恐怖现场。

veritable /ˈver.ɪ.tə.bəl/ 表示“十足的，不折不扣的；名副其实的”，英文解释为“used to describe something as another, more exciting, interesting, or unusual thing, as a way of emphasizing its character”举个🌰：My garden had become a veritable jungle by the time I came back from holiday. 我度假回来的时候，我的花园简直是杂草丛生。

mouldy的美式拼写，mouldy /ˈməʊl.di/ 表示“发霉的”，英文解释为“covered with mould”如：mouldy bread/cheese 发霉的面包/奶酪；也可以表示“陈腐的；过时的”，英文解释为“not modern or interesting”举个🌰：The city's museums are filled with mouldy old collections. 这个城市的博物馆里都是过时的旧藏品。

“Mold thrives in moist environments,” said Dr. Wanda Phipatanakul, an immunologist who studies environmental allergens at Boston Children's Hospital.

波士顿儿童医院研究环境过敏原的免疫学家万达·皮帕塔纳库博士表示：“霉菌会在潮湿环境中滋生。”

美式 mold 英式 mould /məʊld/ 表示“霉；霉菌”，英文解释为“a soft, green or grey growth that develops on old food or on objects that have been left for too long in warm, wet air”举个🌰：There was mould on the cheese. 这块奶酪发霉了。

moist /mɔɪst/ 表示“潮湿的；湿润的”，英文解释为“slightly wet, especially in a good way”举个🌰：Keep the soil in the pot moist, but not too wet. 让花盆中的土保持湿润，但不要太湿。

表示“免疫学家”，英文解释为“An immunologist is a medical or biological scientist who specializes in the study of the immune system, including its structure, function, disorders (such as allergies, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiencies), and its role in defending the body against infections and diseases.”

allergen /ˈæl.ə.dʒən/ 表示“（引起过敏反应的）变应原；过敏原”，英文解释为“a substance that can cause an allergy (= condition of the body reacting badly to something) but is not harmful to most people”

If water sits in your bottle for days, it can create a breeding ground for mold spores from the air and pipes in your house to settle and multiply, Dr. Phipatanakul said. There are some common ones that may colonize your bottle: Cladosporium, which is known for its dark green or brown appearance; Penicillium, which can manifest in blue or green hues; Aspergillus, which may appear as white, yellow or green spots; and Stachybotrys, which show up as black spots.

皮帕塔纳库表示，如果水在保温杯里放了好几天，就会成为空气里或家中水管里的霉菌孢子安家并繁殖的温床。一些会在保温杯中安家的常见霉菌包括深绿色或褐色的枝孢菌；蓝色或绿色的青霉菌；白色、黄色或绿色斑点状的曲霉菌；以及表现为黑色斑点的葡萄穗霉菌。

breeding ground /ˈbriː.dɪŋ ˌɡraʊnd/ 1）表示“（动物的）繁殖地”，英文解释为“a place where animals breed and produce their babies”举个🌰：These animals always return to the same breeding ground. 这些动物总是回到同一个地方繁殖。

2）表示“（尤指坏事的）滋生地”，英文解释为“a place where something develops easily, especially something unpleasant”举个🌰：Poor housing conditions are breeding grounds for crime. 糟糕的居住环境滋生犯罪。

spore /spɔːr/ 表示“孢子”，英文解释为“a reproductive cell produced by some plants and simple organisms such as ferns and mushrooms”

英式 colonise 美式 colonize /ˈkɒl.ə.naɪz/ 表示“使殖民地化；将…建为殖民地”，英文解释为“to send people to live in and govern another country”举个🌰：Peru was colonized by the Spanish in the 16th century. 秘鲁在16世纪沦为西班牙的殖民地。

colonizer 殖民者；殖民地开拓者。

colonize在这里的意思是“在……上生长、繁殖并定殖”，尤其指微生物（如霉菌）在新的环境（比如水瓶内壁）中定居、扩散并形成菌落。

剑桥词典2024年度词汇：Manifest.“Manifest”一词起源于拉丁语和法语，最初用作形容词，意为“清晰可见”或“显而易见”。随着时间的推移，该词逐渐发展为动词，表示“清楚地展示某事物”。在20世纪早期，manifest开始衍生出新的含义，指通过内化某种想法，或通过有意或无意的方式促使其发生（实现梦想），英文解释：to use methods such as visualization (= picturing something in your mind) and affirmation (= repeating positive phrases) to help you imagine achieving something you want, in the belief that doing so will make it more likely to happen.

近年来，这个含义的用法在自助书籍、社交媒体和主流媒体中迅速流行，尤其是在“manifesting influencers”（宣扬愿景实现的达人）的推动下，变得广为人知。这种含义强调通过积极思考、可视化目标和自我暗示，实现个人愿望或目标，尽管这一实践缺乏科学依据，却受到广泛推崇。

But these fungi aren't the only organisms that grow in dark, damp conditions. Every time you take a sip of water, you may also transfer bacteria from your mouth to the lip or spout of your bottle. These microbes can sometimes clump together with fungi to form slimy biofilms.

但这些真菌并非能在暗湿环境中生长唯一的生物。每喝一口水，你口腔里的细菌也可能转移到杯口或吸管上。这些微生物有时会与真菌结块，形成黏糊糊的生物膜。

fungus /ˈfʌŋ.ɡəs/ 复数fungi，表示“真菌；真菌类植物”，英文解释为“any of various types of organisms that get their food from decaying material or other living things”举个🌰：Mushrooms and mould are fungi. 蘑菇和霉菌都是真菌。

organism /ˈɔː.ɡən.ɪ.zəm/ 表示“生物体；有机体；微生物”，英文解释为“a single living plant, animal, virus, etc.”举个🌰：Amoebae and bacteria are single-celled organisms. 变形虫和细菌是单细胞生物。

clump /klʌmp/ 1）表示“（尤指树木或花）丛，簇，群”，英文解释为“a group, especially of trees or flowers”如：a clump of grass/daffodils 草丛/一簇水仙花。

2）表示“硬块，土块”，英文解释为“a solid mass of something such as soil”举个🌰：There were big clumps of soil on his boots. 他的靴子上有大块大块的泥巴。

作动词，表示“簇拥；（使）成簇；（使）聚集一丛”，英文解释为“to form a group, or to put things into a group”举个🌰：As it started to rain, everyone clumped together in doorways. 开始下雨了，大家都聚集在门口。

If you put something other than water — like a sports drink — in your bottle or leave food residue on it from something you ate, the sugars left behind can accelerate the growth of these microorganisms.

如果你在保温杯里装了除水以外的饮料——比如运动饮料——或者进食后的食物残渣留在杯口，残留的糖分会加速这些微生物的生长。

residue /ˈrez.ɪ.dʒuː/ 1）表示“剩余部分；剩余物；残留物；残渣”，英文解释为“the part that is left after the main part has gone or been taken away, or a substance that remains after a chemical process such as evaporation”举个🌰：She cut off the best meat and threw away the residue. 她切下最好的肉，把剩下的扔掉了。

2）表示“（扣除税款、债款等后的）剩余遗产”，英文解释为“the part of a dead person's money and property that is left after taxes, debts, etc. have been paid”举个🌰：The residue (of the estate) went to her granddaughter. 剩余遗产由她的孙女继承。

Can drinking from a moldy bottle harm your health?

喝了发霉保温杯里的水会危害健康吗？

Drinking a little bit of water from a moldy bottle can be gross, but probably won't cause much harm — as long as you don't keep drinking it and clean your bottle right away, Dr. Phipatanakul said. Most species of mold are fairly harmless and our immune system is adept at getting rid of these pathogens when we encounter them, she said.

皮帕塔纳库博士说，喝一点发霉保温杯里的水虽然恶心，但只要不继续喝并立即清洗保温杯，可能不会造成太大伤害。她表示，大多数霉菌物种相对无害，当我们的免疫系统遇到这些病原体时，能够很熟练地清除它们。

gross /ɡrəʊs/ 可以作名词，也可以作动词，表示“总收入为，总共赚得，获得…毛利”，英文解释为“to earn a particular amount of money before tax is paid or costs are taken away”举个🌰：The film has grossed over $200 million this year. 这部电影今年总收入超过了两亿美元。

作形容词，表示“极其令人厌恶的，令人恶心的，令人不快的”，英文解释为“extremely unpleasant”

🎬电影《皮克斯的故事》（The Pixar Story）中的台词提到：making it the new highest grossing animated film in history. 成为历史上最卖座的动画电影

adept /əˈdɛpt/ 表示“娴熟的”，英文解释为“Someone who is adept at something can do it skilfully.”举个🌰： He's usually very adept at keeping his private life out of the media. 他通常十分擅长于使他的私生活远离媒体。

🎬电影《太空堡垒卡拉狄加：利刃》（Battlestar Galactica Razor）中的台词提到：And since it's so adept at mimicking human feeling, 既然它能如此逼真地模仿人类情感

pathogen /ˈpæθəˌdʒɛn/ 表示“病原体”，英文解释为“any small organism, such as a virus or a bacterium that can cause disease”

A few people, however, may be more sensitive to mold exposure, such as those with compromised immune systems, asthma or allergies to mold. These individuals may be more likely to get headaches, feel fatigued or experience other classic allergy symptoms, such as nasal congestion.

然而，少数人可能对霉菌更为敏感，例如免疫系统受损、患有哮喘或对霉菌过敏的人。这些人可能更容易出现头痛、疲劳或其他典型的过敏症状，例如鼻塞。

asthma /ˈæsmə/ 表示“气喘，哮喘”，英文解释为“a medical condition that makes breathing difficult by causing the air passages to become narrow or blocked”如：an asthma sufferer 哮喘病患者。

And anyone who ingests or inhales a lot of mold over several weeks may experience nausea and an upset stomach. But there isn't any evidence that short-term exposure to mold can cause serious health issues like bronchitis, brain fog, chronic fatigue or even an emergency room visit as many TikTok videos suggest. “I don't see a lot of people ending up in the hospital because of mold in their water bottle” Dr. Phipatanakul said.

任何人如果连续数周吸入或摄入大量霉菌，都可能出现恶心和肠胃不适。但目前没有证据表明，短期暴露于霉菌会引起支气管炎、脑雾、慢性疲劳等严重健康问题，甚至如许多TikTok视频所示，导致需要前往急诊室就医。皮帕塔纳库说：“我没见过什么人因为水杯里的霉菌而住院。”

ingest /ɪnˈdʒest/ 表示“摄取，咽下（食物）”，英文解释为“to eat or drink something”举个🌰：The chemicals can be poisonous if ingested. 这些化学制品如果摄入体内可能会引起中毒。

inhale /ɪnˈheɪl/ 表示“吸气；吸入”，英文解释为“to breathe air, smoke, or gas into your lungs”举个🌰：She flung open the window and inhaled deeply. 她打开窗户，深深地吸了口气。

The levels of mold in a water bottle most likely will not be high enough to trigger these reactions, Dr. Phipatanakul said. If you're experiencing symptoms that you suspect were caused by a mold sensitivity, it's also possible you are being exposed to mold spores from other sources, such as your humidifier, bathroom or even the walls of your house.

皮帕塔纳库指出，水杯中的霉菌含量极大概率不足以引发这些反应。如果出现疑似由霉菌敏感引起的症状，也有可能是接触了其他来源的霉菌孢子，比如加湿器、浴室甚至房屋墙壁。

humidifier /hjuːˈmɪd.ɪ.faɪ.ər/ 表示“空气加湿器”，英文解释为“a machine that makes the air in a place less dry”举个🌰：We bought a humidifier for the office. 我们给办公室买了台加湿器。

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